Solid forms of 2-(tert-butylamino)-4-((1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexylamino)-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide, compositions thereof and methods of their use

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are formulations, processes, solid forms and methods of use relating to 2-(tert-butylamino)-4-((1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexylamino)-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. Non-Provisional applicationSer. No. 16/266,793, filed Feb. 4, 2019, currently allowed, which is adivisional of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 15/727,659,filed Oct. 9, 2017, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,226,461 on Mar. 12, 2019,which is a divisional of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No.15/152,653, filed May 12, 2016, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,814,713 onNov. 14, 2017, which is a divisional of U.S. Non-Provisional applicationSer. No. 14/608,314, filed Jan. 29, 2015, issued as U.S. Pat. No.9,365,524 on Jun. 14, 2016, which claims the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 61/933,636, filed Jan. 30, 2014 and claims the benefitof U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/025,161, filed Jul. 16, 2014, theentire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

Provided herein are methods of making and solid forms of2-(tert-butylamino)-4-((1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexylamino)-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide,compositions thereof, methods of their use for the treatment of adisease, disorder, or condition, and the solid forms for use in suchmethods.

BACKGROUND

The identification and selection of a solid form of a pharmaceuticalcompound are complex, given that a change in solid form may affect avariety of physical and chemical properties, which may provide benefitsor drawbacks in processing, formulation, stability, bioavailability,storage, handling (e.g., shipping), among other important pharmaceuticalcharacteristics. Useful pharmaceutical solids include crystalline solidsand amorphous solids, depending on the product and its mode ofadministration. Amorphous solids are characterized by a lack oflong-range structural order, whereas crystalline solids arecharacterized by structural periodicity. The desired class ofpharmaceutical solid depends upon the specific application; amorphoussolids are sometimes selected on the basis of, e.g., an enhanceddissolution profile, while crystalline solids may be desirable forproperties such as, e.g., physical or chemical stability (see, e.g., S.R. Vippagunta et al., Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev., (2001) 48:3-26; L. Yu,Adv. Drug. Deliv. Rev., (2001) 48:27-42).

Whether crystalline or amorphous, solid forms of a pharmaceuticalcompound include single-component and multiple-component solids.Single-component solids consist essentially of the pharmaceuticalcompound or active ingredient in the absence of other compounds. Varietyamong single-component crystalline materials may potentially arise fromthe phenomenon of polymorphism, wherein multiple three-dimensionalarrangements exist for a particular pharmaceutical compound (see, e.g.,S. R. Byrn et al., Solid State Chemistry of Drugs, (1999) SSCI, WestLafayette). The importance of discovering polymorphs was underscored bythe case of Ritonavir™, an HIV protease inhibitor that was formulated assoft gelatin capsules. About two years after the product was launched,the unanticipated precipitation of a new, less soluble polymorph in theformulation necessitated the withdrawal of the product from the marketuntil a more consistent formulation could be developed (see S. R.Chemburkar et al., Org. Process Res. Dev., (2000) 4:413-417).

Notably, it is not possible to predict a priori if crystalline forms ofa compound even exist, let alone how to successfully prepare them (see,e.g., Braga and Grepioni, 2005, “Making crystals from crystals: a greenroute to crystal engineering and polymorphism,” Chem. Commun.: 3635-3645(with respect to crystal engineering, if instructions are not veryprecise and/or if other external factors affect the process, the resultcan be unpredictable); Jones et al., 2006, Pharmaceutical Cocrystals: AnEmerging Approach to Physical Property Enhancement,” MRS Bulletin31:875-879 (At present it is not generally possible to computationallypredict the number of observable polymorphs of even the simplestmolecules); Price, 2004, “The computational prediction of pharmaceuticalcrystal structures and polymorphism,” Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews56:301-319 (“Price”); and Bernstein, 2004, “Crystal Structure Predictionand Polymorphism,” ACA Transactions 39:14-23 (a great deal still needsto be learned and done before one can state with any degree ofconfidence the ability to predict a crystal structure, much lesspolymorphic forms)).

The compound chemically named2-(tert-butylamino)-4-((1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexylamino)-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide(alternatively named2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-4-[[(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl]amino]-5-pyrimidinecarboxamide)and tautomers thereof (collectively referred to herein as “Compound 1”)are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0029987,published on Jan. 31, 2013, and International Pub. No. WO2012/145569,the entireties of each of which are incorporated by reference herein.

The variety of possible solid forms creates potential diversity inphysical and chemical properties for a given pharmaceutical compound.The discovery and selection of solid forms are of great importance inthe development of an effective, stable and marketable pharmaceuticalproduct.

The connection between abnormal protein phosphorylation and the cause orconsequence of diseases has been known for over 20 years. Accordingly,protein kinases have become a very important group of drug targets. (SeeCohen, Nature, 1:309-315 (2002), Gaestel et al. Curr. Med Chem. 14:2214-223 (2007); Grimminger et al. Nat. Rev. Drug Disc. 9(12):956-970(2010)). Various protein kinase inhibitors have been used clinically inthe treatment of a wide variety of diseases, such as cancer and chronicinflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis.(See Cohen, Eur. J. Biochem., 268:5001-5010 (2001); Protein KinaseInhibitors for the Treatment of Disease: The Promise and the Problems,Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 167(2005)).

JNK is a ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase belonging,together with ERK (extracellular-regulated kinase) and p38, to thefamily of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). (Kyriakis J M, Sci.STKE (48):pel (2000); Whitmarsh A J, et al. Sci. STKE (1): pel (1999);Schramek H, News Physiol. Sci. 17:62-7 (2002); Ichijo H, Oncogene18(45):6087-93 (1999)). MAPKs are important mediators of signaltransduction from the cell surface to the nucleus, using phosphorylationcascades to generate a coordinated response by a cell to an externalstimulus by phosphorylation of selected intracellular proteins,including transcription factors. Additionally, JNK also phosphorylatesnon-nuclear proteins, for example, IRS-1, and Bcl-2 family members.(Davis R J, Trends Biochem. Sci. 9(11):470-473 (1994); Seger R et al.,FASEB J.; 9(9):726-35 (1995); Fanger G R et al., Curr. Opin. Genet.Dev.; 7(1):67-74 (1997)).

The elucidation of the intricacy of protein kinase pathways and thecomplexity of the relationship and interaction among and between thevarious protein kinases and kinase pathways highlights the importance ofdeveloping pharmaceutical agents capable of acting as protein kinasemodulators, regulators or inhibitors that have beneficial activity onmultiple kinases or multiple kinase pathways. Accordingly, there remainsa need for new kinase modulators, for example, JNK modulators, and inparticular solid forms of those kinase modulators.

Citation or identification of any reference in Section 2 of thisapplication is not to be construed as an admission that the reference isprior art to the present application.

SUMMARY

Provided herein are solid forms of Compound 1:

-   -   having the name        2-(tert-butylamino)-4-((1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexylamino)-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide,        including tautomers thereof. Also provided are methods of        preparing, isolating, and characterizing the solid forms.

In another aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing certaincompounds, including Compound 1 as described herein, as well asintermediates useful in such methods.

In certain aspects, the solid forms of Compound 1 are useful forinhibiting a kinase in a cell expressing said kinase, for example JNK1or JNK2. In other aspects, solid forms of Compound 1 are useful fortreating or preventing a condition treatable or preventable byinhibition of a JNK pathway, as described herein. In another aspect, thesolid forms of Compound 1 are useful for treating or preventing one ormore disorders selected from interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, systemicsclerosis, scleroderma, chronic allograft nephropathy, antibody mediatedrejection, or lupus. In yet another aspect, the solid forms of Compound1 are useful for treating or preventing liver fibrotic disorders, ordiabetes and/or metabolic syndrome leading to liver fibrotic disorders,as described herein.

The present embodiments can be understood more fully by reference to thedetailed description and examples, which are intended to exemplifynon-limiting embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts an overlay of an X-ray powder diffractogram (XRPD)pattern (top) and a simulated XRPD pattern (bottom) of Form A.

FIG. 2 depicts a crystal packing pattern and H-bond scheme of Form A.

FIG. 3 depicts a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of Form A.

FIG. 4 depicts a thermogravimetrical analysis (TGA) thermogram of FormA.

FIG. 5 depicts a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram ofForm A.

FIG. 6 depicts a dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) isotherm plot of Form A.

FIG. 7 depicts a ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of Form A.

FIG. 8 depicts an overlay of XRPD patterns of Form A before and afterDVS (top and bottom).

FIG. 9 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form A after compression of 2000-psifor 1 minute.

FIG. 10 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form B.

FIG. 11 depicts a TGA thermogram of Form B.

FIG. 12 depicts a DSC thermogram of Form B.

FIG. 13 depicts a ¹H NMR spectrum of Form B.

FIG. 14 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form C.

FIG. 15 depicts a TGA thermogram of Form C.

FIG. 16 depicts a DSC thermogram of Form C.

FIG. 17 depicts a ¹H NMR spectrum of Form C.

FIG. 18 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form D.

FIG. 19 depicts a TGA thermogram of Form D.

FIG. 20 depicts a DSC thermogram of Form D.

FIG. 21 depicts a ¹H NMR spectrum of Form D.

FIG. 22 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form E.

FIG. 23 depicts a TGA thermogram of Form E.

FIG. 24 depicts a DSC thermogram of Form E.

FIG. 25 depicts a ¹H NMR spectrum of Form E.

FIG. 26 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form F.

FIG. 27 depicts a TGA thermogram of Form F.

FIG. 28 depicts a DSC thermogram of Form F.

FIG. 29 depicts a ¹H NMR spectrum of Form F.

FIG. 30 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form G.

FIG. 31 depicts a TGA thermogram of Form G.

FIG. 32 depicts a DSC thermogram of Form G.

FIG. 33 depicts a ¹H NMR spectrum of Form G.

FIG. 34 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form H.

FIG. 35 depicts a TGA thermogram of Form H.

FIG. 36 depicts a DSC thermogram of Form H.

FIG. 37 depicts an overlay of XRPD patterns of Form A, Form B, Form C,Form D, Form E, Form F, Form G and Form H.

FIG. 38 depicts an XRPD pattern of Form I.

FIG. 39 depicts a DSC thermogram of Form I.

FIG. 40 depicts a ¹H NMR spectrum of Form I.

FIG. 41 depicts an XRPD pattern of the amorphous solid.

FIG. 42 depicts a DSC thermogram of the amorphous solid.

FIG. 43 depicts a ¹H NMR spectrum of the amorphous solid.

FIG. 44 depicts a Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy of theamorphous solid.

FIG. 45 depicts a form map of Forms A and H of Compound 1 in % water inDMSO vs temperature.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

As used herein, and in the specification and the accompanying claims,the indefinite articles “a” and “an” and the definite article “the”include plural as well as single referents, unless the context clearlyindicates otherwise.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms “about” and“approximately,” when used in connection with doses, amounts, or weightpercents of ingredients of a composition or a dosage form, mean a dose,amount, or weight percent that is recognized by one of ordinary skill inthe art to provide a pharmacological effect equivalent to that obtainedfrom the specified dose, amount, or weight percent. In certainembodiments, the terms “about” and “approximately,” when used in thiscontext, contemplate a dose, amount, or weight percent within 30%,within 20%, within 15%, within 10%, or within 5%, of the specified dose,amount, or weight percent.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, the terms “about” and“approximately,” when used in connection with a numeric value or rangeof values which is provided to characterize a particular solid form,e.g., a specific temperature or temperature range, such as, for example,that describes a melting, dehydration, desolvation, or glass transitiontemperature; a mass change, such as, for example, a mass change as afunction of temperature or humidity; a solvent or water content, interms of, for example, mass or a percentage; or a peak position, suchas, for example, in analysis by, for example, IR or Raman spectroscopyor XRPD; indicate that the value or range of values may deviate to anextent deemed reasonable to one of ordinary skill in the art while stilldescribing the solid form. Techniques for characterizing crystal formsand amorphous solids include, but are not limited to, thermalgravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),X-ray powder diffractometry (XRPD), single-crystal X-ray diffractometry,vibrational spectroscopy, e.g., infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy,solid-state and solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy,optical microscopy, hot stage optical microscopy, scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM), electron crystallography and quantitative analysis,particle size analysis (PSA), surface area analysis, solubility studies,and dissolution studies. In certain embodiments, the terms “about” and“approximately,” when used in this context, indicate that the numericvalue or range of values may vary within 30%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%,6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1.5%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.25% of the recited value orrange of values. For example, in some embodiments, the value of an XRPDpeak position may vary by up to ±0.2° 2θ (or ±0.2 degree 20) while stilldescribing the particular XRPD peak.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, a crystalline that is“pure,” i.e., substantially free of other crystalline or amorphoussolids, contains less than about 10% by weight of one or more othercrystalline or amorphous solids, less than about 5% by weight of one ormore other crystalline or amorphous solids, less than about 3% by weightof one or more other crystalline or amorphous solids, or less than about1% by weight of one or more other crystalline or amorphous solids.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, a solid form that is“substantially physically pure” is substantially free from other solidforms. In certain embodiments, a crystal form that is substantiallyphysically pure contains less than about 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%,3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of one or moreother solid forms on a weight basis. The detection of other solid formscan be accomplished by any method apparent to a person of ordinary skillin the art, including, but not limited to, diffraction analysis, thermalanalysis, elemental combustion analysis and/or spectroscopic analysis.

As used herein, and unless otherwise specified, a solid form that is“substantially chemically pure” is substantially free from otherchemical compounds (i.e., chemical impurities). In certain embodiments,a solid form that is substantially chemically pure contains less thanabout 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%,0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% of one or more other chemical compounds on aweight basis. The detection of other chemical compounds can beaccomplished by any method apparent to a person of ordinary skill in theart, including, but not limited to, methods of chemical analysis, suchas, e.g., mass spectrometry analysis, spectroscopic analysis, thermalanalysis, elemental combustion analysis and/or chromatographic analysis.

As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, a chemical compound,solid form, or composition that is “substantially free” of anotherchemical compound, solid form, or composition means that the compound,solid form, or composition contains, in certain embodiments, less thanabout 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%0.1%, 0.05%, or 0.01% by weight of the other compound, solid form, orcomposition.

Unless otherwise specified, the terms “solvate” and “solvated,” as usedherein, refer to a solid form of a substance which contains solvent. Theterms “hydrate” and “hydrated” refer to a solvate wherein the solvent iswater. “Polymorphs of solvates” refer to the existence of more than onesolid form for a particular solvate composition. Similarly, “polymorphsof hydrates” refer to the existence of more than one solid form for aparticular hydrate composition. The term “desolvated solvate,” as usedherein, refers to a solid form of a substance which can be made byremoving the solvent from a solvate. The terms “solvate” and “solvated,”as used herein, can also refer to a solvate of a salt, cocrystal, ormolecular complex. The terms “hydrate” and “hydrated,” as used herein,can also refer to a hydrate of a salt, cocrystal, or molecular complex.

An “alkyl” group is a saturated, partially saturated, or unsaturatedstraight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 1 to 10carbon atoms, typically from 1 to 8 carbons or, in some embodiments,from 1 to 6, 1 to 4, or 2 to 6 or 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Representativealkyl groups include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl,and -n-hexyl; while saturated branched alkyls include -isopropyl,-sec-butyl, -isobutyl, -tert-butyl, -isopentyl, -neopentyl,-tert-pentyl, -2-methylphenyl, -3-methylphenyl, -4-methylphenyl,-2,3-dimethylbutyl and the like. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, vinyl, allyl, —CH═CH(CH₃), —CH═C(CH₃)₂,—C(CH₃)═CH₂, —C(CH₃)═CH(CH₃), —C(CH₂CH₃)═CH₂, —C≡CH, —C≡C(CH₃),—C≡C(CH₂CH₃), —CH₂C≡CH, —CH₂C≡C(CH₃) and —CH₂C≡C(CH₂CH₃), among others.An alkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted. When the alkylgroups described herein are said to be “substituted,” they may besubstituted with any substituent or substituents as those found in theexemplary compounds and embodiments disclosed herein, as well as halogen(chloro, iodo, bromo, or fluoro); alkyl; hydroxyl; alkoxy; alkoxyalkyl;amino; alkylamino; carboxy; nitro; cyano; thiol; thioether; imine;imide; amidine; guanidine; enamine; aminocarbonyl; acylamino;phosphonate; phosphine; thiocarbonyl; sulfinyl; sulfone; sulfonamide;ketone; aldehyde; ester; urea; urethane; oxime; hydroxyl amine;alkoxyamine; aralkoxyamine; N-oxide; hydrazine; hydrazide; hydrazone;azide; isocyanate; isothiocyanate; cyanate; thiocyanate; B(OH)₂, orO(alkyl)aminocarbonyl.

A “cycloalkyl” group is a saturated, or partially saturated cyclic alkylgroup of from 3 to 10 carbon atoms having a single cyclic ring ormultiple condensed or bridged rings which can be optionally substitutedwith from 1 to 3 alkyl groups. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl grouphas 3 to 8 ring members, whereas in other embodiments the number of ringcarbon atoms ranges from 3 to 5, 3 to 6, or 3 to 7. Such cycloalkylgroups include, by way of example, single ring structures such ascyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl,cyclooctyl, 1-methylcyclopropyl, 2-methylcyclopentyl,2-methylcyclooctyl, and the like, or multiple or bridged ring structuressuch as 1-bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl, bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl,bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantyl and the like.Examples of unsaturated cycloalkyl groups include cyclohexenyl,cyclopentenyl, cyclohexadienyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl,among others. A cycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.Such substituted cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example,cyclohexanol and the like.

An “aryl” group is an aromatic carbocyclic group of from 6 to 14 carbonatoms having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings(e.g., naphthyl or anthryl). In some embodiments, aryl groups contain6-14 carbons, and in others from 6 to 12 or even 6 to 10 carbon atoms inthe ring portions of the groups. Particular aryls include phenyl,biphenyl, naphthyl and the like. An aryl group can be substituted orunsubstituted. The phrase “aryl groups” also includes groups containingfused rings, such as fused aromatic-aliphatic ring systems (e.g.,indanyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like).

A “heteroaryl” group is an aryl ring system having one to fourheteroatoms as ring atoms in a heteroaromatic ring system, wherein theremainder of the atoms are carbon atoms. In some embodiments, heteroarylgroups contain 3 to 6 ring atoms, and in others from 6 to 9 or even 6 to10 atoms in the ring portions of the groups. Suitable heteroatomsinclude oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. In certain embodiments, theheteroaryl ring system is monocyclic or bicyclic. Non-limiting examplesinclude but are not limited to, groups such as pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl,imidazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl(e.g., benzo[d]isoxazolyl), thiazolyl, pyrolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl,pyrazinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl(e.g., indolyl-2-onyl or isoindolin-1-onyl), azaindolyl (pyrrolopyridylor 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridyl), indazolyl, benzimidazolyl (e.g.,1H-benzo[d]imidazolyl), imidazopyridyl (e.g., azabenzimidazolyl or1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridyl), pyrazolopyridyl, triazolopyridyl,benzotriazolyl (e.g., 1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazolyl), benzoxazolyl (e.g.,benzo[d]oxazolyl), benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, isoxazolopyridyl,thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl (e.g., 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-onyl),tetrahydroquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, and quinazolinyl groups.

A “heterocyclyl” is an aromatic (also referred to as heteroaryl) ornon-aromatic cycloalkyl in which one to four of the ring carbon atomsare independently replaced with a heteroatom from the group consistingof O, S and N. In some embodiments, heterocyclyl groups include 3 to 10ring members, whereas other such groups have 3 to 5, 3 to 6, or 3 to 8ring members. Heterocyclyls can also be bonded to other groups at anyring atom (i.e., at any carbon atom or heteroatom of the heterocyclicring). A heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.Heterocyclyl groups encompass unsaturated, partially saturated andsaturated ring systems, such as, for example, imidazolyl, imidazolinyland imidazolidinyl (e.g., imidazolidin-4-one or imidazolidin-2,4-dionyl)groups. The phrase heterocyclyl includes fused ring species, includingthose comprising fused aromatic and non-aromatic groups, such as, forexample, 1- and 2-aminotetraline, benzotriazolyl (e.g.,1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazolyl), benzimidazolyl (e.g.,1H-benzo[d]imidazolyl), 2,3-dihydrobenzo[1,4]dioxinyl, andbenzo[1,3]dioxolyl. The phrase also includes bridged polycyclic ringsystems containing a heteroatom such as, but not limited to,quinuclidyl. Representative examples of a heterocyclyl group include,but are not limited to, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, azepanyl, oxetanyl,pyrrolidyl, imidazolidinyl (e.g., imidazolidin-4-onyl orimidazolidin-2,4-dionyl), pyrazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl,tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dioxolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl,pyrrolyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolinyl,triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl (e.g.,benzo[d]isoxazolyl), thiazolyl, thiazolinyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl,oxadiazolyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl (e.g., piperazin-2-onyl),morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, tetrahydropyranyl (e.g.,tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl), tetrahydrothiopyranyl, oxathianyl, dioxyl,dithianyl, pyranyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl,triazinyl, dihydropyridyl, dihydrodithiinyl, dihydrodithionyl,1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanyl, homopiperazinyl, quinuclidyl, indolyl (e.g.,indolyl-2-onyl or isoindolin-1-onyl), indolinyl, isoindolyl,isoindolinyl, azaindolyl (pyrrolopyridyl or 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridyl),indazolyl, indolizinyl, benzotriazolyl (e.g.1H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazolyl), benzimidazolyl (e.g.,1H-benzo[d]imidazolyl or 1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2(3H)-onyl), benzofuranyl,benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzoxazinyl,benzodithiinyl, benzoxathiinyl, benzothiazinyl, benzoxazolyl (i.e.,benzo[d]oxazolyl), benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl,benzo[1,3]dioxolyl, pyrazolopyridyl (for example,1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridyl, 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridyl), imidazopyridyl(e.g., azabenzimidazolyl or 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridyl), triazolopyridyl,isoxazolopyridyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl,isoquinolinyl (e.g., 3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1(2H)-onyl), quinolizinyl,quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl,pteridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, dihydrobenzothiazinyl,dihydrobenzofuranyl, dihydroindolyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl,tetrahydroindolyl, tetrahydroindazolyl, tetrahydrobenzimidazolyl,tetrahydrobenzotriazolyl, tetrahydropyrrolopyridyl,tetrahydropyrazolopyridyl, tetrahydroimidazopyridyl,tetrahydrotriazolopyridyl, tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one andtetrahydroquinolinyl groups. Representative non-aromatic heterocyclylgroups do not include fused ring species that comprise a fused aromaticgroup. Examples of non-aromatic heterocyclyl groups include aziridinyl,azetidinyl, azepanyl, pyrrolidyl, imidazolidinyl (e.g.,imidazolidin-4-onyl or imidazolidin-2,4-dionyl), pyrazolidinyl,thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidyl,piperazinyl (e.g., piperazin-2-onyl), morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl,tetrahydropyranyl (e.g., tetrahydro-2H-pyranyl), tetrahydrothiopyranyl,oxathianyl, dithianyl, 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanyl, homopiperazinyl,quinuclidyl, or tetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one. Representativesubstituted heterocyclyl groups may be mono-substituted or substitutedmore than once, such as, but not limited to, pyridyl or morpholinylgroups, which are 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-substituted, or disubstitutedwith various substituents such as those listed below.

A “cycloalkylalkyl” group is a radical of the formula:-alkyl-cycloalkyl, wherein alkyl and cycloalkyl are as defined above.Substituted cycloalkylalkyl groups may be substituted at the alkyl, thecycloalkyl, or both the alkyl and the cycloalkyl portions of the group.Representative cycloalkylalkyl groups include but are not limited tomethylcyclopropyl, methylcyclobutyl, methylcyclopentyl,methylcyclohexyl, ethylcyclopropyl, ethylcyclobutyl, ethylcyclopentyl,ethylcyclohexyl, propylcyclopentyl, propylcyclohexyl and the like.

An “aralkyl” group is a radical of the formula: -alkyl-aryl, whereinalkyl and aryl are defined above. Substituted aralkyl groups may besubstituted at the alkyl, the aryl, or both the alkyl and the arylportions of the group. Representative aralkyl groups include but are notlimited to benzyl and phenethyl groups and fused (cycloalkylaryl)alkylgroups such as 4-ethyl-indanyl.

An “heterocyclylalkyl” group is a radical of the formula:-alkyl-heterocyclyl, wherein alkyl and heterocyclyl are defined above.Substituted heterocyclylalkyl groups may be substituted at the alkyl,the heterocyclyl, or both the alkyl and the heterocyclyl portions of thegroup. Representative heterocylylalkyl groups include but are notlimited to 4-ethyl-morpholinyl, 4-propylmorpholinyl, furan-2-yl methyl,furan-3-yl methyl, pyridin-3-yl methyl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl ethyl, andindol-2-yl propyl. When the groups described herein, with the exceptionof alkyl group, are said to be “substituted,” they may be substitutedwith any appropriate substituent or substituents. Illustrative examplesof substituents are those found in the exemplary compounds andembodiments disclosed herein, as well as halogen (chloro, iodo, bromo,or fluoro); alkyl; hydroxyl; alkoxy; alkoxyalkyl; amine; alkylamine;carboxy; nitro; cyano; thiol; thioether; imine; imide; amidine;guanidine; enamine; aminocarbonyl; acylamino; phosphonate; phosphine;thiocarbonyl; sulfinyl; sulfone; sulfonamide; ketone; aldehyde; ester;urea; urethane; oxime; hydroxyl amine; alkoxyamine; aralkoxyamine;N-oxide; hydrazine; hydrazide; hydrazone; azide; isocyanate;isothiocyanate; cyanate; thiocyanate; oxygen (═O); B(OH)₂,O(alkyl)aminocarbonyl; cycloalkyl, which may be monocyclic or fused ornon-fused polycyclic (e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, orcyclohexyl), or a heterocyclyl, which may be monocyclic or fused ornon-fused polycyclic (e.g., pyrrolidyl, piperidyl, piperazinyl,morpholinyl, or thiazinyl); monocyclic or fused or non-fused polycyclicaryl or heteroaryl (e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, furanyl,thiophenyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl,tetrazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, acridinyl,pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiophenyl, orbenzofuranyl) aryloxy; aralkyloxy; heterocyclyloxy; and heterocyclylalkoxy.

A “halogen” is chloro, iodo, bromo, or fluoro.

A “hydroxyalkyl” group is an alkyl group as described above substitutedwith one or more hydroxy groups.

An “alkoxy” group is —O-(alkyl), wherein alkyl is defined above.

An “alkoxyalkyl” group is -(alkyl)-O-(alkyl), wherein alkyl is definedabove.

An “amine” group is a radical of the formula: —NH₂.

A “hydroxyl amine” group is a radical of the formula: —N(R^(#))OH or—NHOH, wherein R^(#) is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl,cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heterocyclyl orheterocyclylalkyl group as defined herein.

An “alkoxyamine” group is a radical of the formula: —N(R^(#))O-alkyl or—NHO-alkyl, wherein R^(#) is as defined above.

An “aralkoxyamine” group is a radical of the formula: —N(R^(#))O-aryl or—NHO-aryl, wherein R^(#) is as defined above.

An “alkylamine” group is a radical of the formula: —NH-alkyl or—N(alkyl)₂, wherein each alkyl is independently as defined above.

An “aminocarbonyl” group is a radical of the formula: —C(═O)N(R^(#))₂,—C(═O)NH(R^(#)) or —C(═O)NH₂, wherein each R^(#) is as defined above.

An “acylamino” group is a radical of the formula: —NHC(═O)(R^(#)) or—N(alkyl)C(═O)(R^(#)), wherein each alkyl and R^(#) are independently asdefined above.

An “O(alkyl)aminocarbonyl” group is a radical of the formula:—O(alkyl)C(═O)N(R^(#))₂, —O(alkyl)C(═O)NH(R^(#)) or —O(alkyl)C(═O)NH₂,wherein each R^(#) is independently as defined above.

An “N-oxide” group is a radical of the formula: —N⁺—O—.

A “carboxy” group is a radical of the formula: —C(═O)OH.

A “ketone” group is a radical of the formula: —C(═O)(R^(#)), whereinR^(#) is as defined above.

An “aldehyde” group is a radical of the formula: —CH(═O).

An “ester” group is a radical of the formula: —C(═O)O(R^(#)) or—OC(═O)(R^(#)), wherein R^(#) is as defined above.

A “urea” group is a radical of the formula: —N(alkyl)C(═O)N(R^(#))₂,N(alkyl)C(═O)NH(R^(#)), —N(alkyl)C(═O)NH₂, —NHC(═O)N(R^(#))₂,—NHC(═O)NH(R^(#)), or —NHC(═O)NH₂#, wherein each alkyl and R^(#) areindependently as defined above.

An “imine” group is a radical of the formula: —N═C(R^(#))₂ or—C(R^(#))═N(R^(#)), wherein each R^(#) is independently as definedabove.

An “imide” group is a radical of the formula: —C(═O)N(R^(#))C(═O)(R^(#))or —N((C═O)(R^(#)))₂, wherein each R^(#) is independently as definedabove.

A “urethane” group is a radical of the formula: —OC(═O)N(R^(#))₂,—OC(═O)NH(R^(#)), —N(R^(#))C(═O)O(R^(#)), or —NHC(═O)O(R^(#)), whereineach R^(#) is independently as defined above.

An “amidine” group is a radical of the formula: —C(═N(R^(#)))N(R^(#))₂,—C(═N(R^(#)))NH(R^(#)), —C(═N(R^(#)))NH₂, —C(═NH₂)N(R^(#))₂,—C(═NH)NH(R^(#)), —C(═NH)NH₂, —N═C(R^(#))N(R^(#))₂,—N═C(R^(#))NH(R^(#)), —N═C(R^(#))NH₂, —N(R^(#))C(R^(#))═N(R^(#)),—NHC(R^(#))═N(R^(#)), —N(R^(#))C(R^(#))═NH, or —NHC(R^(#))═NH, whereineach R^(#) is independently as defined above.

A “guanidine” group is a radical of the formula:—N(R^(#))C(═N(R^(#)))N(R^(#))₂, —NHC(═N(R^(#)))N(R^(#))₂,—N(R^(#))C(═NH)N(R^(#))₂, —N(R^(#))C(═N(R^(#)))NH(R^(#)),—N(R^(#))C(═N(R^(#)))NH₂, —NHC(═NH)N(R^(#))₂, —NHC(═N(R^(#)))NH(R^(#)),—NHC(═N(R^(#)))NH₂, —NHC(═NH)NH(R^(#)), —NHC(═NH)NH₂, —N═C(N(R^(#))₂)₂,—N═C(NH(R^(#)))₂, or —N═C(NH₂)₂, wherein each R^(#) is independently asdefined above.

A “enamine” group is a radical of the formula:—N(R^(#))C(R^(#))═C(R^(#))₂, —NHC(R^(#))═C(R^(#))₂,—C(N(R^(#))₂)═C(R^(#))₂, —C(NH(R^(#)))═C(R^(#))₂, —C(NH₂)═C(R^(#))₂,—C(R^(#))═C(R^(#))(N(R^(#))₂), —C(R^(#))═C(R^(#))(NH(R^(#))) or—C(R^(#))═C(R^(#))(NH₂), wherein each R^(#) is independently as definedabove.

An “oxime” group is a radical of the formula: —C(═NO(R^(#)))(R^(#)),—C(═NOH)(R^(#)), —CH(═NO(R^(#))), or —CH(═NOH), wherein each R^(#) isindependently as defined above.

A “hydrazide” group is a radical of the formula:—C(═O)N(R^(#))N(R^(#))₂, —C(═O)NHN(R^(#))₂, —C(═O)N(R^(#))NH(R^(#)),—C(═O)N(R^(#))NH₂, —C(═O)NHNH(R^(#))₂, or —C(═O)NHNH₂, wherein eachR^(#) is independently as defined above.

A “hydrazine” group is a radical of the formula: —N(R^(#))N(R^(#))₂,—NHN(R^(#))₂, —N(R^(#))NH(R^(#)), —N(R^(#))NH₂, —NHNH(R^(#))₂, or—NHNH₂, wherein each R^(#) is independently as defined above.

A “hydrazone” group is a radical of the formula:—C(═N—N(R^(#))₂)(R^(#))₂, —C(═N—NH(R^(#)))(R^(#))₂, —C(═N—NH₂)(R^(#))₂,—N(R^(#))(N═C(R^(#))₂), or —NH(N═C(R^(#))₂), wherein each R^(#) isindependently as defined above.

An “azide” group is a radical of the formula: —N₃.

An “isocyanate” group is a radical of the formula: —N═C═O.

An “isothiocyanate” group is a radical of the formula: —N═C═S.

A “cyanate” group is a radical of the formula: —OCN.

A “thiocyanate” group is a radical of the formula: —SCN.

A “thioether” group is a radical of the formula; —S(R^(#)), whereinR^(#) is as defined above.

A “thiocarbonyl” group is a radical of the formula: —C(═S)(R^(#)),wherein R^(#) is as defined above.

A “sulfinyl” group is a radical of the formula: —S(═O)(R^(#)), whereinR^(#) is as defined above.

A “sulfone” group is a radical of the formula: —S(═O)₂(R^(#)), whereinR^(#) is as defined above.

A “sulfonylamino” group is a radical of the formula: —NHSO₂(R^(#)) or—N(alkyl)SO₂(R^(#)), wherein each alkyl and R^(#) are defined above.

A “sulfonamide” group is a radical of the formula: —S(═O)₂N(R^(#))₂, or—S(═O)₂NH(R^(#)), or —S(═O)₂NH₂, wherein each R^(#) is independently asdefined above.

A “phosphonate” group is a radical of the formula: —P(═O)(O(R^(#)))₂,—P(═O)(OH)₂, —OP(═O)(O(R^(#)))(R^(#)), or —OP(═O)(OH)(R^(#)), whereineach R^(#) is independently as defined above.

A “phosphine” group is a radical of the formula: —P(R^(#))₂, whereineach R^(#) is independently as defined above.

“Tautomers” refers to isomeric forms of a compound that are inequilibrium with each other. The concentrations of the isomeric formswill depend on the environment the compound is found in and may bedifferent depending upon, for example, whether the compound is a solidor is in an organic or aqueous solution. For example, in aqueoussolution, pyrazoles may exhibit the following isomeric forms, which arereferred to as tautomers of each other:

As readily understood by one skilled in the art, a wide variety offunctional groups and other structures may exhibit tautomerism and alltautomers of Compound 1 are within the scope of the present invention.

Unless otherwise specified, the term “composition” as used herein isintended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredient(s)(and in the specified amount(s), if indicated), as well as any productwhich results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specifiedingredient(s) in the specified amount(s). By “pharmaceuticallyacceptable,” it is meant a diluent, excipient, or carrier in aformulation must be compatible with the other ingredient(s) of theformulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.

The term “solid form” refers to a physical form which is notpredominantly in a liquid or a gaseous state. As used herein and unlessotherwise specified, the term “solid form,” when used herein to refer toCompound 1, refers to a physical form comprising Compound 1 which is notpredominantly in a liquid or a gaseous state. A solid form may be acrystalline form or a mixture thereof. In certain embodiments, a solidform may be a liquid crystal. In certain embodiments, the term “solidforms comprising Compound 1” includes crystal forms comprisingCompound 1. In certain embodiments, the solid form of Compound 1 is FormA, Form B, Form C, Form D, Form E, Form F, Form G, Form H, Form I, theamorphous solid, or a mixture thereof.

As used herein and unless otherwise specified, the term “crystalline”when used to describe a compound, substance, modification, material,component or product, unless otherwise specified, means that thecompound, substance, modification, material, component or product issubstantially crystalline as determined by X-ray diffraction. See, e.g.,Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st edition,Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Md. (2005); The UnitedStates Pharmacopeia, 23^(rd) ed., 1843-1844 (1995).

The term “crystal form” or “crystalline form” refers to a solid formthat is crystalline. In certain embodiments, a crystal form of asubstance may be substantially free of amorphous solids and/or othercrystal forms. In certain embodiments, a crystal form of a substance maycontain less than about 1%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, lessthan about 4%, less than about 5%, less than about 6%, less than about7%, less than about 8%, less than about 9%, less than about 10%, lessthan about 15%, less than about 20%, less than about 25%, less thanabout 30%, less than about 35%, less than about 40%, less than about45%, or less than about 50% by weight of one or more amorphous solidsand/or other crystal forms. In certain embodiments, a crystal form of asubstance may be physically and/or chemically pure. In certainembodiments, a crystal form of a substance may be about 99%, about 98%,about 97%, about 96%, about 95%, about 94%, about 93%, about 92%, about91%, or about 90% physically and/or chemically pure.

Unless otherwise specified, the term “amorphous” or “amorphous solid”means that the substance, component, or product in question is notsubstantially crystalline as determined by X-ray diffraction. Inparticular, the term “amorphous solid” describes a disordered solidform, i.e., a solid form lacking long range crystalline order. Incertain embodiments, an amorphous solid of a substance may besubstantially free of other amorphous solids and/or crystal forms. Incertain embodiments, an amorphous solid of a substance may contain lessthan about 1%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about4%, less than about 5%, less than about 10%, less than about 15%, lessthan about 20%, less than about 25%, less than about 30%, less thanabout 35%, less than about 40%, less than about 45%, or less than about50% by weight of one or more other amorphous solids and/or crystal formson a weight basis. In certain embodiments, an amorphous solid of asubstance may be physically and/or chemically pure. In certainembodiments, an amorphous solid of a substance be about 99%, about 98%,about 97%, about 96%, about 95%, about 94%, about 93%, about 92%, about91%, or about 90% physically and/or chemically pure.

“JNK” means a protein or an isoform thereof expressed by a JNK1, JNK2,or JNK3 gene (Gupta, S., Barrett, T., Whitmarsh, A. J., Cavanagh, J.,Sluss, H. K., Derijard, B. and Davis, R. J. The EMBO J. 15:2760-2770(1996)).

“Treating” as used herein, means an alleviation, in whole or in part, ofa disorder, disease or condition, or one or more of the symptomsassociated with a disorder, disease, or condition, or slowing or haltingof further progression or worsening of those symptoms, or alleviating oreradicating the cause(s) of the disorder, disease, or condition itself.In one embodiment, the disorder is a condition treatable or preventableby inhibition of a JNK pathway, as described herein. In anotherembodiment, the disorder is selected from interstitial pulmonaryfibrosis, systemic sclerosis, scleroderma, chronic allograftnephropathy, antibody mediated rejection, or lupus. In yet anotherembodiment, the disorder is a liver fibrotic disorder, or diabetesand/or metabolic syndrome leading to liver fibrotic disorders, asdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the disorder is a liver fibroticdisorder, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, steatosis (i.e. fattyliver), cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliarycirrhosis, hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, or liver fibrosiscoincident with chronic or repeated alcohol ingestion (alcoholichepatitis), with infection (e.g., viral infection such as HCV), withliver transplant, or with drug induced liver injury (e.g., acetaminophentoxicity). In some embodiments, “treating” means an alleviation, inwhole or in part, of a disorder, disease or condition, or symptomsassociated with diabetes or metabolic syndrome leading to liver fibroticdisorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, steatosis (i.e. fattyliver), hepatitis or cirrhosis, or a slowing, or halting of furtherprogression or worsening of those symptoms. In one embodiment, thesymptom is jaundice.

“Preventing” as used herein, means a method of delaying and/orprecluding the onset, recurrence or spread, in whole or in part, of adisorder, disease or condition; barring a subject from acquiring adisorder, disease, or condition; or reducing a subject's risk ofacquiring a disorder, disease, or condition. In one embodiment, thedisorder is a condition treatable or preventable by inhibition of a JNKpathway, as described herein. In another embodiment, the disorder isselected from interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis,scleroderma, chronic allograft nephropathy, antibody mediated rejection,or lupus. In one embodiment, the disorder is a liver fibrotic disorder,or diabetes or metabolic syndrome leading to liver fibrotic disorders,as described herein, or symptoms thereof.

The term “effective amount” in connection with a solid form of Compound1 means an amount capable of treating or preventing a disorder, diseaseor condition, or symptoms thereof, disclosed herein.

“Patient” or “subject” is defined herein to include animals, such asmammals, including, but not limited to, primates (e.g., humans), cows,sheep, goats, horses, dogs, cats, rabbits, rats, mice, monkeys,chickens, turkeys, quails, or guinea pigs and the like, in oneembodiment a mammal, in another embodiment a human. In one embodiment, asubject is a human having or at risk for having interstitial pulmonaryfibrosis, systemic sclerosis, scleroderma, chronic allograftnephropathy, antibody mediated rejection, or lupus. In another, asubject is a human having or at risk for having liver fibrotic disordersor diabetes or metabolic syndrome leading to liver fibrotic disorders,or a condition, treatable or preventable by inhibition of a JNK pathway,or a symptom thereof.

Compound 1

The solid forms, formulations and methods of use provided herein relateto solid forms (e.g., polymorphs) of Compound 1:

-   -   having the alternative names        2-(tert-butylamino)-4-((1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexylamino)-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide        or 2-[(1,1-dimethyl        ethyl)amino]-4-[[(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl]amino]-5-pyrimidinecarboxamide,        including tautomers thereof.

In another aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing certaincompounds, including Compound 1 as described herein, as well asintermediates useful in such methods.

Compound 1 can be prepared using reagents and methods known in the art,including the methods provided in U.S. Patent Application PublicationNo. 2013/0029987, published on Jan. 31, 2013, and International PatentApplication Publication No. WO2012/145569, the entire contents of eachof which are incorporated herein by reference.

It should be noted that if there is a discrepancy between a depictedstructure and a name given that structure, the depicted structure is tobe accorded more weight. In addition, if the stereochemistry of astructure or a portion of a structure is not indicated with, forexample, bold or dashed lines, the structure or portion of the structureis to be interpreted as encompassing all stereoisomers of it.

Methods for Making Compound 1

By way of example and not limitation, Diaminopyrimidine Compounds offormula (iv) can be prepared as outlined in Scheme 1 shown below, aswell as in the examples set forth herein.

In certain embodiments of formula (iv), R² is substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted saturatedcycloalkyl. In certain embodiments of formula (iv), R¹ is substituted orunsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R² is (1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxyl-4-methyl-cyclohexyl,tert-butyl or 1-bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl.

In some embodiments, R² is

In some embodiments, R¹ is tert-butyl, trans-4-hydroxyl-cyclohexyl or(1R,3S)-3-hydroxyl-cyclohexyl.

In some embodiments, R¹ is

In one embodiment, the compound of formula (iv) is Compound 1.

Treatment of 2,4-dichloropyrimidine-5-carboxamide (i) with R²NH₂ (ii) ina solvent (e.g., tetrahydrofuran (THF), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) orwater) in the presence of a base (e.g., diisopropylethylamine, potassiumcarbonate, potassium phosphate dibasic, potassium phosphate tribasic orsodium bicarbonate) at about 0° C. to about 25° C. provides introductionof the R² sidechain to yield compounds of formula (iii). The desiredregioisomer compound is further derivatized by subsequent treatment withR¹NH₂ in an organic solvent (e.g., acetonitrile, EtOAc, THF, NMP,dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or sulfolane) in the presence of a base (e.g.,t-butylamine or sodium carbonate) or a Lewis acid (e.g., ZnCl₂) atelevated temperature (e.g., about 60° C. to about 85° C.), optionallyunder nitrogen pressure, which provides introduction of the R¹ sidechainto yield compounds of formula (iv). Recrystallization of the compoundsof formula (iv) in a solvent system (e.g., 2-propanol/water orethanol/water) provides the compounds of formula (iv) with improvedpurity.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (iv):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (iii)

-   -   with R¹NH₂ in the presence of a base or a Lewis acid in a        solvent;    -   wherein R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or        substituted or unsubstituted saturated cycloalkyl; and R² is        substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted saturated cycloalkyl.

In some embodiments, the solvent is DMSO, sulfolane, acetonitrile, DMF,DMAc, NMP, EtOH, n-PrOH, IPA, n-BuOH, t-BuOH, EtOAc, IPAc, toluene,2-MeTHF, THF, DCM, or mixed solvents, such as: THF/water, THF/NMP,sulfolane/water, DMSO/water, IPA/water, EtOH/water. In some embodiments,the solvent is acetonitrile, EtOAc, THF, NMP, DMSO or sulfolane.

In some embodiments, the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine, DBU,triethylamine, tert-butylamine, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate,sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium acetate, or potassium phosphate. Insome embodiments, the base is t-butylamine or sodium carbonate.

In some embodiments, the Lewis acid is ZnCl₂, ZnBr₂, AlCl₃, Zn(OTf)₂. Insome embodiments, the Lewis acid is ZnCl₂.

In some embodiments, the contacting is performed at elevatedtemperature, e.g., about 60° C. to about 85° C.

In some embodiments, the contacting is performed under nitrogenpressure.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (iii)

-   -   the methods comprising contacting of        2,4-dichloropyrimidine-5-carboxamide (i) with R²NH₂ (ii) in the        presence of a base in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the solvent is THF, NMP, water or mixed solvents,such as THF/water or NMP/water. In one embodiment, the solvent is THF,NMP or THF/water. In some embodiments, the base isN,N-diisopropylethylamine, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphatedibasic, potassium phosphate tribasic or sodium bicarbonate. In someembodiments, the base is N,N-diisopropylethylamine, potassium carbonate,or sodium bicarbonate. In some embodiments, the contacting is performedat about 0° C. to about 25° C.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for purifying a compound offormula (iv):

-   -   wherein R¹ is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or        substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl; and    -   R² is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or substituted or        unsubstituted cycloalkyl,    -   the method comprising 1) dissolving the compound of formula (iv)        in a first solvent at a first temperature; 2) adding a second        solvent into the resulting solution; 3) cooling the solution to        a second temperature; and 4) collecting a solid.

In some embodiments, the method additionally comprises seeding with FormA. In certain embodiments, the method additionally comprises seedingwith Form A after step 2) and before step 3). In certain embodiments,the method additionally comprises seeding with Form A during step 3). Incertain embodiments, the method additionally comprises seeding with FormA after step 3) and before step 4). In some such embodiments, Form A ismicronized. In certain embodiments, the method additionally comprisesseeding with micronized Form A after step 2) and before step 3).

In some embodiments, the first solvent is: i) a mixture of 2-propanoland water (e.g., wherein the ratio by volume of 2-propanol and water inthe mixture is about 3:1); ii) DMSO; or iii) ethanol.

In some embodiments, the second solvent is water.

In some embodiments, the first temperature is from about 60° C. to about70° C.

In some embodiments, the second temperature is from about 0° C. to about25° C.

Provided herein are compounds having the following formula (iii):

-   -   and tautomers thereof,    -   wherein R² is substituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or        substituted saturated cycloalkyl.

In certain embodiments of formula (iii), R² is(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxyl-4-methyl-cyclohexyl, tert-butyl or1-bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl.

In certain embodiments of formula (iii), R² is

In one embodiment, provided herein is a method for preparing Compound 1as described in Scheme 2 shown below, as well as in the examples setforth herein.

In one embodiment, treatment of 2,4-dichloropyrimidine-5-carboxamide (i)with (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol hydrochloride (v) in THF inthe presence of potassium carbonate at about 0° C. to about 25° C.provides introduction of the (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanolsidechain to yield compound (vi). Subsequent treatment with t-BuNH₂ inDMSO at about 68° C. or with t-BuNH₂ in the presence of ZnCl₂ in ACNprovides introduction of the t-BuNH₂ sidechain to yield Compound 1.Recrystallization of Compound 1 in a mixture of IPA and water at about70° C. provides Compound 1 with improved purity.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (A):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (9a):

-   -   with hydrochloric acid in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the solvent is methanol, 2-propanol, ether ordioxane.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (9a):

-   -   the methods comprising separating a diastereomeric mixture of        compounds of formulae (9a and 9b):

-   -   by employing a chiral separation method.

In one embodiment, the chiral separation method is chiral supercriticalfluid chromatography (SFC), recrystallization, chiral HPLC, chiral LC,or chiral resolution. In one embodiment, the chiral separation method ischiral supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). In one embodiment, thediastereomeric mixture is a 1:1 mixture.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing adiastereomeric mixture of compounds of formulae (9a and 9b):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (8):

-   -   with a hydroborating agent, followed by treatment with an        oxidant, in a solvent, in the presence of a base.

In one embodiment, the hydroborating agent is BH₃/THF, B₂H₆, 9-BBN,BCl₃/Me₃SiH, or (+)-diisopinocampheylborane. In one embodiment, thehydroborating agent is BH₃/THF. In one embodiment, the oxidant is H₂O₂or oxone. In another, the oxidant is H₂O₂. In another embodiment, thesolvent is THF or EtOH. In another embodiment, the solvent is THF. Inyet another embodiment, the base is NaOH.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (8):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (7):

-   -   with Boc₂O in an organic solvent, optionally in the presence of        a base. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DCM or ether.        In one embodiment, the base is triethylamine.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compound

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (6):

-   -   with an azidation agent in an organic solvent, followed by        reducing the resulting azide derivative in an organic solvent.

In one embodiment, the azidation agent is NaN₃. In another, the reducingagent is LiAlH₄. In some embodiments, the solvent is selected from DMF,toluene, ACN, DCM, THF, or ether.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (6):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (5):

-   -   with tosyl chloride in an organic solvent, in the presence of a        base.

In some embodiments, the organic solvent is selected from DMF, toluene,ACN, DCM, THF, or ether. In others, the base is triethylamine orpyridine.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (5):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (4):

-   -   with a reducing agent in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the reducing agent is LiAlH₄. In others, thesolvent is THF or ether.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (4):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (3):

-   -   with Zn and NaI, in the presence of acetic acid.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (3):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (2):

-   -   with a peracid, in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the peracid is m-CPBA. In others, the solvent isDCM.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (2):

-   -   the methods comprising ozonolyzing a compound of formula (Y):

-   -   in the presence of ozone.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (Y):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting (−)-limonene having a formula:

-   -   with a peracid, in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the peracid is m-CPBA. In others, the solvent isDCM.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (10):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (9b):

-   -   with hydrochloric acid in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the solvent is 2-propanol, methanol, ether ordioxane.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (9b):

-   -   the methods comprising separating a diastereomeric mixture of        compounds of formulae (9a and 9b):

-   -   by employing a chiral separation method.

In one embodiment, the chiral separation method is chiral supercriticalfluid chromatography (SFC), recrystallization, chiral HPLC, chiral LC,or chiral resolution. In one embodiment, the chiral separation method ischiral supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). In one embodiment, thediastereomeric mixture is a 1:1 mixture.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing adiastereomeric mixture of compounds of formulae (9a and 9b):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (8):

-   -   with a hydroborating agent followed by treatment with an        oxidant, in the presence of a base, in a solvent.

In one embodiment, the hydroborating agent is BH₃/THF, B₂H₆, 9-BBN,BCl₃/Me₃SiH, or (+)-diisopinocampheylborane. In one embodiment, thehydroborating agent is BH₃/THF. In one embodiment, the oxidant is H₂O₂or oxone. In another, the oxidant is H₂O₂. In yet another embodiment,the base is NaOH. In another embodiment, the solvent is THF or EtOH. Inanother embodiment, the solvent is THF.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (8):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (7):

-   -   with Boc₂O in an organic solvent, optionally in the presence of        a base. In one embodiment, the organic solvent is DCM or ether.        In one embodiment, the base is triethylamine.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (7):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (6):

-   -   with an azidation agent in an organic solvent, followed by        reducing the resulting azide derivative in an organic solvent.

In one embodiment, the azidation agent is NaN₃. In another, the reducingagent is LiAlH₄. In some embodiments, the solvent is selected from DMF,toluene, ACN, DCM, THF, or ether.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (6):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (5):

-   -   with tosyl chloride in an organic solvent, in the presence of a        base.

In some embodiments, the organic solvent is selected from DMF, toluene,ACN, DCM, THF, or ether. In others, the base is triethylamine orpyridine.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (5):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (4):

-   -   with a reducing agent in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the reducing agent is LiAlH₄. In others, thesolvent is THF or ether.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (4):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (3):

-   -   with Zn and NaI, in the presence of acetic acid.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (3):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (2):

-   -   with a peracid in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the peracid is m-CPBA. In others, the solvent isDCM.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (2):

-   -   the methods comprising ozonolyzing a compound of formula (Y):

-   -   in the presence of ozone.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (Y):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting (−)-limonene having a formula:

-   -   with a peracid in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the peracid is m-CPBA. In others, the solvent isDCM.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (A):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (9a):

-   -   with hydrochloric acid in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the solvent is 2-propanol, methanol, ether ordioxane.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (9a):

-   -   the methods comprising separating a diastereomeric mixture of        compounds of formulae (9a and 9b):

-   -   by employing a chiral separation method.

In one embodiment, the chiral separation method is chiral supercriticalfluid chromatography (SFC), chiral HPLC, chiral LC, recrystallization,or chiral resolution. In one embodiment, the chiral separation method isrecrystallization in a solvent, and the solvent is MTBE.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing adiastereomeric mixture of compounds of formulae (9a and 9b):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (8):

-   -   with a hydroborating agent, followed by treatment with an        oxidant, in a solvent, in the presence of an aqueous base.

In one embodiment, the hydroborating agent is BH₃/THF, B₂H₆, 9-BBN,BCl₃/Me₃SiH, or (+)-diisopinocampheylborane. In one embodiment, thehydroborating agent is (+)-diisopinocampheylborane. In anotherembodiment, the solvent is THF or EtOH. In another, the solvent is THF.In some embodiments, the oxidant is H₂O₂ or oxone. In some embodiments,the oxidant is H₂O₂. In others, the base is NaOH.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (8):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (18):

-   -   with diphenylphosphoryl azide in an organic solvent, in the        presence of a base, followed by addition of t-butanol and CuCl.

In some embodiments, the organic solvent is toluene. In others, the baseis triethylamine.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (18):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (17):

-   -   with an aqueous base, in a solvent.

In one embodiment, the base is LiOH or NaOH. In another, the solvent isMeOH.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (17):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (11):

-   -   with a compound of formula (12):

in a solvent, in the presence of catalysts of formulae (15 and 16):

In one embodiment the amount of catalyst (16) used in the reaction isless than the amount of catalyst (15). In another, the load of catalyst(15) is between 5-20 mol %. In some embodiments, the solvent is toluene.In others, the contacting is performed at a temperature of about −20° C.to about 0° C. In yet another embodiment, the contacting is performed ata temperature of about −15° C.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (15):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (13):

-   -   with a compound of formula (14):

-   -   in a solvent.

In one embodiment, the solvent is toluene. In another, the contacting isperformed at refluxing temperature.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (A):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (9a):

-   -   with hydrochloric acid in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the solvent is 2-propanol, methanol, ether ordioxane.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprises preparing a compoundof formula (9a):

-   -   the methods comprising separating a diastereomeric mixture of        compounds of formulae (9a and 9b):

-   -   by employing a chiral separation method.

In one embodiment, the chiral separation method is chiral supercriticalfluid chromatography (SFC), recrystallization, chiral HPLC, chiral LC,or chiral resolution. In one embodiment, the chiral separation method isrecrystallization in a solvent. In one embodiment the recrystallizationsolvent is MTBE.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing adiastereomeric mixture of compounds of formulae (9a and 9b):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (8):

-   -   with a hydroborating agent, followed by treatment with an        oxidant, in a solvent, in the presence of a base.

In one embodiment, the hydroborating agent is BH₃/THF, B₂H₆, 9-BBN,BCl₃/Me₃SiH, or (+)-diisopinocampheylborane. In one embodiment, thehydroborating agent is B₂H₆, 9-BBN, BCl₃/Me₃SiH, or(+)-diisopinocampheylborane. In another, the oxidant is H₂O₂ or oxone.In another embodiment, the solvent is THF or EtOH. In anotherembodiment, the solvent is THF. In yet another embodiment, the base isNaOH.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (8):

-   -   the methods comprising performing Curtius rearrangement of a        compound of formula (18):

-   -   utilizing CDI, NH₂OH, and ^(t)BuOH.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (18):

-   -   the methods comprising resolution of a compound of formula (20):

-   -   by employing a chiral amine.

In one embodiment, the chiral amine is (S)-phenylethanamine or(R)-phenylethanamine.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (20):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (19):

-   -   with a compound of formula (12):

-   -   followed by treatment with a base, followed by an acidic workup.        In one embodiment, the base is NaOH. In another, the acidic        workup is performed with H₂SO₄. In some embodiments, the        contacting is performed at a temperature of about 25° C.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (A):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (9a):

-   -   with hydrochloric acid in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the solvent is 2-propanol, methanol, ether ordioxane.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprises preparing a compoundof formula (9a):

-   -   the methods comprising separating a diastereomeric mixture of        compounds of formulae (9a and 9b):

-   -   by employing a chiral separation method.

In one embodiment, the chiral separation method is chiral supercriticalfluid chromatography (SFC), recrystallization, chiral HPLC, chiral LC orchiral resolution. In one embodiment, the chiral separation method isrecrystallization in a solvent. In one embodiment, the recrystallizationsolvent is MTBE.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing adiastereomeric mixture of compounds of formulae (9a and 9b):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (8):

-   -   with a hydroborating agent, followed by treatment with an        oxidant, in a solvent, in the presence of a base.

In one embodiment, the hydroborating agent is BH₃/THF, B₂H₆, 9-BBN,BCl₃/Me₃SiH, or (+)-diisopinocampheylborane. In one embodiment, thehydroborating agent is B₂H₆, 9-BBN, BCl₃/Me₃SiH, or(+)-diisopinocampheylborane. In another, the oxidant is H₂O₂ or oxone.In another embodiment, the solvent is THF or EtOH. In anotherembodiment, the solvent is THF. In yet another embodiment, the base isNaOH.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (8):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (18):

-   -   with diphenylphosphoryl azide in an organic solvent, in the        presence of a base, followed by addition of t-butanol and CuCl.

In some embodiments, the organic solvent is toluene. In others, the baseis triethylamine.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (18):

-   -   the methods comprising hydrolyzing a compound of formula (22):

-   -   by treatment with a base and an oxidant.

In one embodiment, R is ^(i)Pr or CH₂Ph. In one embodiment the base isLiOH. In another embodiment, the oxidant is H₂O₂.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (22):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (21):

-   -   with a compound of formula (12):

-   -   under conditions suitable for a Diels Alder reaction.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (A):

-   -   the methods comprising separating enantiomers of formulae (26a        and 26b):

-   -   by employing a chiral separation method.

In one embodiment, the chiral separation method is chiral supercriticalfluid chromatography (SFC), recrystallization, chiral HPLC, chiral LC,or chiral resolution. In one embodiment, the chiral separation method ischiral supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) or chiral resolution.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a mixture ofenantiomers of formulae (26a and 26b):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a mixture of enantiomers of        formula (25a and 25b):

-   -   with a reducing agent.

In one embodiment, the reducing agent is hydrogen in the presence ofPd/C. In another, the reducing agent is Zn in EtOH in the presence ofacetic acid.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a mixture ofenantiomers of formulae (25a and 25b):

-   -   the methods comprising racemizing a mixture of four        diastereomers of formulae (25a, 25b, 25c, and 25d):

-   -   by treatment with a base.

In some embodiments, the base is selected from NaOH, NaOEt, or tBuOK.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a mixture offour diastereomers of formulae (25a, 25b, 25c, and 25d):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (24):

-   -   with a hydroborating agent, followed by treatment with an        oxidant, in a solvent, in the presence of a base.

In one embodiment, the hydroborating agent is BH₃/THF, B₂H₆, 9-BBN,BCl₃/Me₃SiH, or (+)-diisopinocampheylborane. In one embodiment, thehydroborating agent is BH₃. In another, the oxidant is H₂O₂ or oxone. Inanother, the oxidant is H₂O₂. In another embodiment, the solvent is THFor EtOH. In another embodiment, the solvent is THF. In yet anotherembodiment, the base is NaOH.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (24):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (23):

-   -   with a compound of formula (12):

-   -   by under conditions suitable for a Diels-Alder reaction.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (A):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (9a):

-   -   with hydrochloric acid in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the solvent is 2-propanol, methanol, ether, ordioxane.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (9a):

-   -   the methods comprising separating a diastereomeric mixture of        compounds of formulae (9a, 9b, 9c, and 9d):

-   -   by employing a chiral separation method.

In one embodiment, the chiral separation method is chiral supercriticalfluid chromatography (SFC), recrystallization, chiral HPLC, chiral LC,or chiral resolution. In one embodiment, the chiral separation method ischiral supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC).

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing adiastereomeric mixture of compounds of formulae (9a, 9b, 9c, and 9d):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (32):

-   -   with a hydroborating agent, followed by treatment with an        oxidant, in a solvent, in the presence of a base.

In one embodiment, the hydroborating agent is BH₃/THF, B₂H₆, 9-BBN,BCl₃/Me₃SiH, or (+)-diisopinocampheylborane. In one embodiment, thehydroborating agent is BH₃. In another embodiment, the solvent is THF orEtOH. In another, the solvent is THF. In another, the oxidant is H₂O₂ oroxone. In some embodiments, the oxidant is H₂O₂. In another, the base isNaOH. In yet another embodiment, the solvent is EtOH.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (32):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (31):

-   -   with Boc₂O in a solvent, optionally in the presence of a base.

In one embodiment, the solvent is DCM. In another, the base istriethylamine.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (31):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (30):

-   -   with hydrazine.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (30):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (29):

-   -   with a dehydrating agent.

In one embodiment, the dehydrating agent is KHSO₄ or H₂SO₄.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (29):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (27):

-   -   with a compound of formula (28):

-   -   in the presence of a base.

In one embodiment, the base is K₂CO₃.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (A):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (36):

-   -   with diphenylphosphoryl azide in the presence of water.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (36):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (35):

-   -   with a base,    -   wherein R=Me or iPr.

In some embodiments the base is NaOH.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (35):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (34):

-   -   with Ti(OiPr)₄, Mg, and TMS-Cl,    -   wherein R=Me or iPr.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (34):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (33):

-   -   with an alkoxide.

In one embodiment the alkoxide is NaOMe or NaOiPr.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formulae (33):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (18):

-   -   with KI₃ in the presence of NaHCO₃.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (A):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (9a):

-   -   with hydrochloric acid in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the solvent is 2-propanol, methanol, ether, ordioxane.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (9a):

-   -   the methods comprising separating a diastereomeric mixture of        compounds of formula (40):

-   -   by employing a chiral separation method.

In one embodiment, the chiral separation method is chiral supercriticalfluid chromatography (SFC), recrystallization, chiral HPLC, chiral LC,or chiral resolution. In one embodiment, the chiral separation method ischiral supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC).

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (40):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (39):

-   -   with Boc₂O in a solvent, optionally in the presence of a base.

In one embodiment, the solvent is DCM. In another, the base istriethylamine.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (39):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (38):

-   -   with a reducing agent.

In one embodiment, the reducing agent is NaBH₄.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (38):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (37):

-   -   with hydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst.

In some embodiments, the catalyst is Pd/C or Pd(OH)₂/C.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (A):

-   -   the methods comprising purifying a compound of formula (39):

-   -   by employing a chiral separation method.

In one embodiment, the chiral separation method is chiral supercriticalfluid chromatography (SFC), recrystallization, chiral HPLC, chiral LC,or chiral resolution. In one embodiment, the chiral separation method ischiral supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC).

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (39):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (38):

-   -   with a reducing agent.

In one embodiment, the reducing agent is NaBH₄.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (38):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (37):

-   -   with hydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst.

In some embodiments, the catalyst is Pd/C or Pd(OH)₂/C.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (A):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (45a):

-   -   with hydrogen, in the presence of a catalyst.

In some embodiments, the catalyst is Pd/C.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (45a):

-   -   the methods comprising separating diastereomers of a compound of        formula (45):

-   -   by employing a chiral separation method.

In one embodiment, the chiral separation method is chiral supercriticalfluid chromatography (SFC), recrystallization, chiral HPLC, chiral LC,or chiral resolution. In one embodiment, the chiral separation method ischiral supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC).

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (45):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (44a):

-   -   with a reducing agent.

In one embodiment, the reducing agent is NaBH₄.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (44a):

-   -   the methods comprising separating a diastereomeric mixture of a        compound of formula (44):

-   -   by employing resolution with a compound of formula:

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (44):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (43):

-   -   with a chiral amine.

In one embodiment, the chiral amine is (S)-phenylethanamine or(R)-phenylethanamine.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (43):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (42):

-   -   with a compound of formula (41):

-   -   in the presence of a base.

In one embodiment, the base is KOtBu.

In one aspect, provided herein are methods for preparing a compound offormula (A):

-   -   the methods comprising detosylating a compound of formula (52):

-   -   by treatment with a base and thiophenol.

In one embodiment, the base is K₂CO₃ or DBU.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (52):

-   -   the methods comprising reducing asymmetrically a compound of        formula (51):

-   -   by treatment with Pd(CF₃CO₂)₂ and S-SegPhos under an atmosphere        of hydrogen, in a solvent.

In one embodiment, the solvent is TFE.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (51):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (50):

-   -   with TosCN in a solvent, in the presence of a base.

In some embodiments, the solvent is CCl₄. In others, the base istriethylamine. In some embodiments, the method is performed at atemperature of about −23° C.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (50):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (49):

-   -   with NH₄Cl and Amberlyst A21, in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the solvent is ethanol.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (49):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (48a):

-   -   with FeCl₃, in a solvent.

In some embodiments, the solvent is DCM.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise purifying a compoundof formula (48a):

-   -   the methods comprising separating a mixture of compounds of        formulae (48a and 48b):

-   -   by employing a chiral separation method.

In one embodiment, the chiral separation method is chiral supercriticalfluid chromatography (SFC), recrystallization, chiral HPLC, chiral LC,or chiral resolution. In one embodiment, the chiral separation method ischiral supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) or chrial resolution.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a mixture ofcompounds of formulae (48a and 48b):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (47):

-   -   with MeLi, in the presence of ALMe₃, in a solvent.

In one embodiment, the solvent is heptanes.

In some embodiments, the methods further comprise preparing a compoundof formula (47):

-   -   the methods comprising contacting a compound of formula (46):

-   -   with catalytic amount of p-TsOH, in a solvent, followed by        treatment with an oxidant.

In one embodiment, the oxidant is m-CPBA. In some embodiments, thesolvent is DCM.

Solid Forms of Compound 1

In certain embodiments, provided herein are solid forms of Compound 1.In certain embodiments, the solid form is crystalline. In certainembodiments, the solid form is a single-component solid form. In certainembodiments, the solid form is a solvate.

While not intending to be bound by any particular theory, certain solidforms are characterized by physical properties, e.g., stability,solubility and dissolution rate, appropriate for pharmaceutical andtherapeutic dosage forms. Moreover, while not wishing to be bound by anyparticular theory, certain solid forms are characterized by physicalproperties (e.g., density, compressibility, hardness, morphology,cleavage, stickiness, solubility, water uptake, electrical properties,thermal behavior, solid-state reactivity, physical stability, andchemical stability) affecting particular processes (e.g., yield,filtration, washing, drying, milling, mixing, tableting, flowability,dissolution, formulation, and lyophilization) which make certain solidforms suitable for the manufacture of a solid dosage form. Suchproperties can be determined using particular analytical chemicaltechniques, including solid-state analytical techniques (e.g., X-raydiffraction, microscopy, spectroscopy and thermal analysis), asdescribed herein and known in the art.

The solid forms provided herein (e.g., Form A, Form B, Form C, Form D,Form E, Form F, Form G, Form H, Form I, and the amorphous solid ofCompound 1) may be characterized using a number of methods known to aperson skilled in the art, including, but not limited to, single crystalX-ray diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), microscopy (e.g.,scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), thermal analysis (e.g.,differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic vapor sorption (DVS),thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and hot-stage microscopy),spectroscopy (e.g., infrared, Raman, and solid-state nuclear magneticresonance), ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC), andproton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectrum. The particle sizeand size distribution of the solid form provided herein may bedetermined by conventional methods, such as laser light scatteringtechnique.

The purity of the solid forms provided herein may be determined bystandard analytical methods, such as thin layer chromatography (TLC),gel electrophoresis, gas chromatography, ultra-high performance liquidchromatography (UHPLC), and mass spectrometry (MS).

It should be understood that the numerical values of the peaks of anX-ray powder diffraction pattern may vary slightly from one machine toanother or from one sample to another, and so the values quoted are notto be construed as absolute, but with an allowable variability, such as±0.2° 2θ (see United State Pharmacopoeia, page 2228 (2003)).

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods for making a solidform of Compound 1, comprising 1) obtaining a slurry of Form A in asolvent; 2) stirring the slurry for a period of time (e.g., about 24 h)at a certain temperature (e.g., about 25° C. or about 50° C.); and 3)collecting solids from the slurry by filtration and optionally drying.In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods for making a solidform of Compound 1, comprising 1) obtaining a slurry of Form A in asolvent; 2) stirring the slurry for about 24 h at about 25° C. or about50° C.; and 3) collecting solids from the slurry by filtration through0.45 m PTFE syringe filters and optionally air drying. In certainembodiments, the methods for making a solid form of Compound 1 areequilibration experiments, such as slurry experiments.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods for making a solidform of Compound 1, comprising 1) dissolving Form A in a solvent toyield a solution; 2) filtering the solution if Form A does not dissolvecompletely; and 3) evaporating the solution under certain air pressure(e.g., about 1 atm) at a certain temperature (e.g., about 25° C. orabout 50° C.) to yield a solid. In certain embodiments, provided hereinare methods for making a solid form of Compound 1, comprising 1)dissolving Form A in a solvent to yield a solution; 2) filtering thesolution through 0.45 m PTFE syringe filters if Form A does not dissolvecompletely; and 3) evaporating the solution under about 1 atm airpressure at about 25° C. or about 50° C. under nitrogen to yield asolid. In certain embodiments, the methods for making a solid form ofCompound 1 are evaporation experiments.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods for making a solidform of Compound 1, comprising 1) obtaining a saturated solution of FormA in a solvent at a first temperature (e.g., about 60° C.); 2) stirringthe solution at the first temperature for a period of time (e.g., 10minutes); 3) filtering the solution; 4) cooling the solution slowly to asecond temperature (e.g., about −5° C. to about 15° C.); and 5)isolating solids from the solution and optionally drying. In certainembodiments, provided herein are methods for making a solid form ofCompound 1, comprising 1) obtaining a saturated solution of Form A in asolvent at about 60° C.; 2) stirring the solution at about 60° C. for 10minutes; 3) filtering the solution through 0.45 m PTFE syringe filters;4) cooling the solution slowly to about 5° C.; and 5) isolating solidsfrom the solution and optionally air-drying. In certain embodiments, themethods for making a solid form of Compound 1 are coolingrecrystallization experiments.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods for making a solidform of Compound 1, comprising 1) obtaining a saturated solution of FormA in a solvent at a first temperature (e.g., about 60° C.); 2) adding ananti-solvent into the saturated solution at the first temperature; 3)cooling down to a second temperature (e.g., about −5° C. to about 15°C.); and 4) collecting a solid if there is precipitation, andevaporating the solvent to collect a solid if there is no precipitation;and 5) optionally drying. In certain embodiments, provided herein aremethods for making a solid form of Compound 1, comprising 1) obtaining asaturated solution of Form A in a solvent at about 60° C.; 2) adding ananti-solvent into the saturated solution at about 60° C.; 3) coolingdown to about 5° C.; and 4) collecting a solid if there isprecipitation, and evaporating the solvent to collect a solid if thereis no precipitation; and 5) optionally air drying. In certainembodiments, the ratio by volume of solvent and anti-solvent is about1:9. In certain embodiments, the methods for making a solid form ofCompound 1 are anti-solvent recrystallization experiments.

In certain embodiments, the solvent is acetone, DCM, EtOAc, EtOH,EtOH/H₂O (about 1:1), H₂O, heptane, IPA, ACN, ACN/H₂O (about 1:1), MEK,MeOH, MTBE, n-BuOH, THF, THF/H₂O (about 1:1), toluene or sulfolane.

In certain embodiments, the anti-solvent is ACN, heptane, MTBE, orwater.

Form A

In certain embodiments, provided herein is Form A.

In one embodiment, Form A is a solid form of Compound 1. In oneembodiment, Form A is a non-stoichiometric channel hydrate solid form ofCompound 1. In another embodiment, Form A is crystalline.

In certain embodiments, Form A provided herein is obtained byequilibration experiments, evaporation experiments and anti-solventrecrystallization experiments (see Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3). Incertain embodiments, Form A is obtained from certain solvent systemsincluding MTBE, heptane, water, EtOH/H₂O (about 1:1), MeOH with water asanti-solvent, EtOH with water as anti-solvent, EtOH with MTBE asanti-solvent, and IPA with heptane as anti-solvent.

In one embodiment, a method of preparing Form A comprises the stepsof 1) mixing Form H with a solvent (e.g., DMSO) mixture containing water(e.g., at least about 70% by volume of water); 2) stirring at atemperature (e.g., from about 20° C. to about 25° C., such as about 22°C.) for a period of time (e.g., from about 1 hour to about 6 hours, suchas about 3 hours); and 3) collecting solids and optionally drying.

In one embodiment, a method of preparing Form A comprises the stepsof 1) mixing Form H with a solvent (e.g., DMSO) mixture containing water(e.g., at least about 50% by volume of water); 2) heating to atemperature (e.g., from between about 60° C. to about 100° C., such asabout 60° C. or about 70° C.) for a period of time (e.g., from about 1hour to about 6 hours, such as about 3 hours); 3) cooling to a secondtemperature (e.g., from between about 10° C. to about 40° C., such asabout 25° C.); and 4) collecting solids and optionally drying.

In one embodiment, a method of preparing Form A comprises the stepsof 1) mixing Form H with a solvent (e.g., DMSO) mixture containing water(e.g., at least about 70% by volume of water); 2) heating the resultingmixture to a first temperature (e.g., from between about 60° C. to about100° C., such as about 60° C. or about 70° C.) for a period of time(e.g., from about 1 hour to about 6 hours, such as 3 hours); 3) coolingthe mixture to a second temperature (e.g., from between about 10° C. toabout 40° C., such as about 25° C.); and 4) collecting solids andoptionally drying.

In another embodiment, a method of preparing Form A comprises the stepsof 1) mixing Form H with a solvent (e.g., DMSO) mixture containing atleast about 70% by volume of water; 2) heating the resulting mixture toa temperature (e.g., from between about 60° C. to about 100° C., such asabout 60° C. or about 70° C.) for from about 1 hour to about 6 hours,such as about 3 hours; 3) cooling the mixture to a temperature (e.g.,from between about 10° C. to about 40° C., such as about 25° C.); and 4)collecting solids and optionally drying.

In certain embodiments, a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form A, issubstantially crystalline, as indicated by, e.g., X-ray powderdiffraction measurements. In one embodiment, Form A has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 1. In one embodiment,Form A has one or more characteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks atapproximately 9.74, 10.55, 11.86, 12.98, 13.61, 15.90, 16.41, 17.20,17.85, 18.04, 18.54, 19.29, 19.56, 19.84, 20.19, 21.37, 21.83, 22.90,23.46, 23.84, 24.36, 24.88, 25.29, 26.14, 26.92, 27.83, 28.30, 28.69,29.21, 30.50, 31.63, 32.11, 32.63, 33.17, 34.32, 34.74, 36.00, 36.56,36.95, 37.26, 37.61, 38.40, 39.07, 39.34 or 39.64° 2θ as depicted inFIG. 1. In a specific embodiment, Form A has one, two, three, four,five, six, seven or eight characteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaksat approximately 10.55, 13.61, 17.20, 17.85, 18.04, 19.84, 22.90 or24.36° 2θ. In another embodiment, Form A has one, two, three or fourcharacteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks at approximately 10.55,13.61, 17.20 or 19.84° 2θ. In another embodiment, Form A has one, two,three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve,thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen,twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five,twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, thirty, thirty-one,thirty-two, thirty-three, thirty-four, thirty-five, thirty-six,thirty-seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine, forty, forty-one, forty-two,forty-three, forty-four or forty-five characteristic X-ray powderdiffraction peaks as set forth in Table 8.

Table 7 presents a summary of the crystallographic data from asingle-crystal structure determination. In one embodiment, Form A has acrystal packing pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 2. In oneembodiment, Form A is a solid form crystallizing in the space groupP2(1)2(1)2(1). In one embodiment, Form A is a non-stoichiometric channelhydrate.

In one embodiment, Form A has a SEM image substantially as shown in FIG.3.

In one embodiment, provided herein is Form A having a TGA thermographcorresponding substantially to the representative TGA thermogram asdepicted in FIG. 4. In certain embodiments, the crystalline formexhibits a TGA thermogram comprising a total mass loss of approximately0.45% of the total mass of the sample between approximately 30° C. andapproximately 150° C. when heated from approximately 20° C. toapproximately 300° C. Thus, in certain embodiments, the crystalline formloses from about 0.1% to about 5%, for example, about 0.45% or about3.3%, of its total mass when heated from about ambient temperature toabout 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is Form A having a DSC thermogramsubstantially as depicted in FIG. 5 comprising an endothermic event withan onset temperature of about 223° C. when heated from approximately 25°C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is Form A having a DVS isotherm plotsubstantially as depicted in FIG. 6.

In one embodiment, provided herein is Form A having a ¹H NMR spectrumsubstantially as depicted in FIG. 7.

In still another embodiment, Form A is substantially pure. In certainembodiments, the substantially pure Form A is substantially free ofother solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, thepurity of the substantially pure Form A is no less than about 95%, noless than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, noless than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%,or no less than about 99.8%.

Form B

In certain embodiments, provided herein is Form B.

In one embodiment, Form B is a solid form of Compound 1. In anotherembodiment, Form B is crystalline. In one embodiment, Form B is asolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form B is an acetonesolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form B is an acetonehemi-solvated form of Compound 1.

In certain embodiments, Form B provided herein is obtained byequilibration experiments, evaporation experiments and anti-solventrecrystallization experiments (see Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3). Incertain embodiments, Form B is obtained from certain solvent systemsincluding acetone, MEK, DCM, THF, THF/H₂O (about 1:1), and IPA withheptane as anti-solvent.

In certain embodiments, a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form B, issubstantially crystalline, as indicated by, e.g., X-ray powderdiffraction measurements. In one embodiment, Form B has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 10. In oneembodiment, Form B has one or more characteristic X-ray powderdiffraction peaks at approximately 9.80, 10.30, 12.23, 14.62, 16.70,17.29, 18.23, 18.59, 19.61, 20.19, 20.66, 20.94, 21.74, 23.03, 23.84,24.32, 24.58, 25.88, 26.27, 26.86, 27.52, 28.35, 28.62, 29.63, 30.55,30.87, 31.44, 32.12, 33.71, 33.95, 34.96, 35.94, 36.14, 36.56, 37.22 or38.76° 2θ as depicted in FIG. 10. In a specific embodiment, Form B hasone, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight characteristic X-raypowder diffraction peaks at approximately 9.80, 10.30, 14.62, 17.29,18.23, 20.66, 21.74 or 30.55° 2θ. In another embodiment, Form B has one,two, three or four characteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks atapproximately 9.80, 17.29, 18.23 or 21.74° 2θ. In another embodiment,Form B has one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten,eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen,eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three,twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight,twenty-nine, thirty, thirty-one, thirty-two, thirty-three, thirty-four,thirty-five or thirty-six characteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaksas set forth in Table 9.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to therepresentative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 11. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising atotal mass loss of approximately 8.5% of the total mass of the samplebetween approximately 75° C. and approximately 175° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C. Thus, in certainembodiments, the crystalline form loses about 8.5% of its total masswhen heated from about ambient temperature to about 300° C. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form contains 0.5 molar equivalents ofsolvent in the crystal lattice corresponding to approximately 0.5 moleof acetone per mole of Compound 1. The theoretical acetone content of anacetone hemi-solvate of Compound 1 is 8.3% by weight, matching the TGAweight loss observed. In certain embodiments, the crystalline form is anacetone hemi-solvate of Compound 1.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 12 comprising an endothermicevent with a maximum at about 147° C. when heated from approximately 25°C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 12 comprising an endothermicevent with an onset temperature of about 223° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is Form B having a ¹H NMR spectrumsubstantially as depicted in FIG. 13.

In still another embodiment, Form B is substantially pure. In certainembodiments, the substantially pure Form B is substantially free ofother solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, thepurity of the substantially pure Form B is no less than about 95%, noless than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, noless than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%,or no less than about 99.8%.

Form C

In certain embodiments, provided herein is Form C.

In one embodiment, Form C is a solid form of Compound 1. In anotherembodiment, Form C is crystalline. In one embodiment, Form C is asolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form C is an ethanolsolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form C is an ethanolhemi-solvated form of Compound 1.

In certain embodiments, Form C provided herein is obtained byequilibration experiments, evaporation experiments, coolingrecrystallization experiments and anti-solvent recrystallizationexperiments (see Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3). In certain embodiments,Form C is obtained from certain solvent systems including ACN, ACN/H₂O(about 1:1), EtOH, EtOH/H₂O (about 1:1), IPA, MEK, EtOH with MTBE asanti-solvent, EtOH with heptane as anti-solvent, EtOH with ACN asanti-solvent and IPA with heptane as anti-solvent.

In certain embodiments, a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form C, issubstantially crystalline, as indicated by, e.g., X-ray powderdiffraction measurements. In one embodiment, Form C has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 14. In oneembodiment, Form C has one or more characteristic X-ray powderdiffraction peaks at approximately 9.83, 10.21, 12.16, 14.66, 15.52,16.50, 17.26, 17.61, 17.91, 18.18, 18.65, 19.67, 19.99, 20.46, 21.86,23.32, 23.78, 24.44, 25.65, 25.81, 26.28, 26.72, 27.46, 28.04, 28.30,28.60, 29.56, 30.47, 30.70, 31.29, 31.77, 32.16, 32.94, 33.55, 34.00,34.85, 35.14, 35.57, 35.90, 36.62, 37.76 or 38.93° 2θ as depicted inFIG. 14. In a specific embodiment, Form C has one, two, three, four,five, six, seven or eight characteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaksat approximately 9.83, 10.21, 12.16, 17.26, 17.61, 18.18, 20.46 or21.86° 2θ. In another embodiment, Form C has one, two, three or fourcharacteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks at approximately 9.83,10.21, 17.26 or 21.86° 2θ. In another embodiment, Form C has one, two,three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve,thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen,twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five,twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, thirty, thirty-one,thirty-two, thirty-three, thirty-four, thirty-five, thirty-six,thirty-seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine, forty, forty-one or forty-twocharacteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks as set forth in Table 10.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to therepresentative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 15. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising atotal mass loss of approximately 7.3% of the total mass of the samplebetween approximately 75° C. and approximately 175° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C. Thus, in certainembodiments, the crystalline form loses about 7.3% of its total masswhen heated from about ambient temperature to about 300° C. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form contains 0.5 molar equivalents ofsolvent in the crystal lattice corresponding to approximately 0.5 moleof ethanol per mole of Compound 1. The theoretical ethanol content of anethanol hemi-solvate of Compound 1 is 6.7% by weight, matching the TGAweight loss observed. In certain embodiments, the crystalline form is anethanol hemi-solvate of Compound 1.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 16 comprising an endothermicevent with a maximum at about 143° C. when heated from approximately 25°C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 16 comprising an endothermicevent with an onset temperature of about 224° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is Form C having a ¹H NMR spectrumsubstantially as depicted in FIG. 17.

In still another embodiment, Form C is substantially pure. In certainembodiments, the substantially pure Form C is substantially free ofother solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, thepurity of the substantially pure Form C is no less than about 95%, noless than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, noless than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%,or no less than about 99.8%.

Form D

In certain embodiments, provided herein is Form D.

In one embodiment, Form D is a solid form of Compound 1. In anotherembodiment, Form D is crystalline. In one embodiment, Form D is asolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form D is a methanolsolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form D is a methanolhemi-solvated form of Compound 1.

In certain embodiments, Form D provided herein is obtained byequilibration experiments, evaporation experiments, coolingrecrystallization experiments and anti-solvent recrystallizationexperiments (see Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3). In certain embodiments,Form D is obtained from certain solvent systems including MeOH and MeOHwith MTBE as anti-solvent.

In certain embodiments, a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form D, issubstantially crystalline, as indicated by, e.g., X-ray powderdiffraction measurements. In one embodiment, Form D has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 18. In oneembodiment, Form D has one or more characteristic X-ray powderdiffraction peaks at approximately 10.37, 12.85, 13.41, 15.68, 16.25,17.02, 17.54, 17.73, 18.34, 19.52, 19.93, 20.78, 21.09, 21.54, 22.47,23.11, 23.55, 23.92, 24.51, 24.99, 25.81, 26.47, 26.88, 27.33, 27.83,28.19, 28.64, 30.08, 30.82, 31.20, 31.60, 32.02, 32.50, 33.58, 34.25,35.39, 35.87, 36.55, 36.81, 37.06, 37.77 or 38.60° 2θ as depicted inFIG. 18. In a specific embodiment, Form D has one, two, three, four,five, six, seven or eight characteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaksat approximately 10.37, 13.41, 17.54, 17.73, 19.52, 21.54, 22.47 or23.92° 2θ. In another embodiment, Form D has one, two, three or fourcharacteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks at approximately 10.37,13.41, 19.52 or 22.47° 2θ. In another embodiment, Form D has one, two,three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve,thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen,twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five,twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, thirty, thirty-one,thirty-two, thirty-three, thirty-four, thirty-five, thirty-six,thirty-seven, thirty-eight, thirty-nine, forty, forty-one, forty-twocharacteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks as set forth in Table 11.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to therepresentative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 19. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising atotal mass loss of approximately 4% of the total mass of the samplebetween approximately 100° C. and approximately 160° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C. Thus, in certainembodiments, the crystalline form loses about 4% of its total mass whenheated from about ambient temperature to about 300° C. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form contains 0.5 molar equivalents ofsolvent in the crystal lattice corresponding to approximately 0.5 moleof methanol per mole of Compound 1. The theoretical methanol content ofa methanol hemi-solvate of Compound 1 is 4.7% by weight, matching theTGA weight loss observed. In certain embodiments, the crystalline formis a methanol hemi-solvate of Compound 1.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 20 comprising an endothermicevent with a maximum at about 170° C. when heated from approximately 25°C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 20 comprising an endothermicevent with an onset temperature of about 223° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is Form D having a ¹H NMR spectrumsubstantially as depicted in FIG. 21.

In still another embodiment, Form D is substantially pure. In certainembodiments, the substantially pure Form D is substantially free ofother solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, thepurity of the substantially pure Form D is no less than about 95%, noless than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, noless than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%,or no less than about 99.8%.

Form E

In certain embodiments, provided herein is Form E.

In one embodiment, Form E is a solid form of Compound 1. In anotherembodiment, Form E is crystalline. In one embodiment, Form E is asolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form E is an n-butanolsolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form E is an n-butanolhemi-solvated form of Compound 1.

In certain embodiments, Form E provided herein is obtained byequilibration experiments and evaporation experiments (see Table 1 andTable 2). In certain embodiments, Form E is obtained from certainsolvent systems including n-butanol.

In certain embodiments, a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form E, issubstantially crystalline, as indicated by, e.g., X-ray powderdiffraction measurements. In one embodiment, Form E has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 22. In oneembodiment, Form E has one or more characteristic X-ray powderdiffraction peaks at approximately 8.70, 9.92, 10.36, 11.97, 14.50,15.51, 16.39, 17.29, 18.37, 19.55, 20.10, 21.81, 23.21, 23.45, 24.17,24.61, 25.44, 25.83, 26.23, 26.45, 26.61, 27.64, 28.48, 29.19, 29.97,30.39, 30.81, 31.36, 31.66, 32.62, 33.67, 34.75, 35.24, 35.96, 36.48,37.20, 37.62, 38.93 or 39.20°2θ as depicted in FIG. 22. In a specificembodiment, Form E has one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eightcharacteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks at approximately 9.92,10.36, 11.97, 14.50, 17.29, 18.37, 20.10 or 21.81° 2θ. In anotherembodiment, Form E has one, two, three or four characteristic X-raypowder diffraction peaks at approximately 9.92, 17.29, 18.37 or 21.81°2θ. In another embodiment, Form E has one, two, three, four, five, six,seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two,twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven,twenty-eight, twenty-nine, thirty, thirty-one, thirty-two, thirty-three,thirty-four, thirty-five, thirty-six, thirty-seven, thirty-eight orthirty-nine characteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks as set forthin Table 12.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to therepresentative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 23. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising atotal mass loss of approximately 10.3% of the total mass of the samplebetween approximately 75° C. and approximately 175° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C. Thus, in certainembodiments, the crystalline form loses about 10.3% of its total masswhen heated from about ambient temperature to about 300° C. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form contains 0.5 molar equivalents ofsolvent in the crystal lattice corresponding to approximately 0.5 moleof n-butanol per mole of Compound 1. The theoretical n-butanol contentof an n-butanol hemi-solvate of Compound 1 is 10.3% by weight, matchingthe TGA weight loss observed. In certain embodiments, the crystallineform is an n-butanol hemi-solvate of Compound 1.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 24 comprising an endothermicevent with a maximum at about 124° C. when heated from approximately 25°C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 24 comprising an endothermicevent with an onset temperature of about 224° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is Form E having a ¹H NMR spectrumsubstantially as depicted in FIG. 25.

In still another embodiment, Form E is substantially pure. In certainembodiments, the substantially pure Form E is substantially free ofother solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, thepurity of the substantially pure Form E is no less than about 95%, noless than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, noless than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%,or no less than about 99.8%.

Form F

In certain embodiments, provided herein is Form F.

In one embodiment, Form F is a solid form of Compound 1. In anotherembodiment, Form F is crystalline. In one embodiment, Form F is asolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form F is a toluenesolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form F is a 0.3 molartoluene solvated form of Compound 1.

In certain embodiments, Form F provided herein is obtained byequilibration experiments (see Table 1). In certain embodiments, Form Fis obtained from certain solvent systems including toluene.

In certain embodiments, a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form F, issubstantially crystalline, as indicated by, e.g., X-ray powderdiffraction measurements. In one embodiment, Form F has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 26. In oneembodiment, Form F has one or more characteristic X-ray powderdiffraction peaks at approximately 8.07, 9.21, 10.58, 10.88, 12.06,14.56, 14.87, 16.28, 17.45, 17.79, 18.53, 19.65, 20.05, 20.85, 21.10,23.72, 24.41, 25.11, 25.98, 26.61, 27.94, 29.25, 30.40, 32.00, 34.06,35.72, 36.58 or 37.59° 2θ as depicted in FIG. 26. In a specificembodiment, Form F has one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eightcharacteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks at approximately 8.07,9.21, 12.06, 17.45, 17.79, 18.53, 20.85 or 21.10° 2θ. In anotherembodiment, Form F has one, two, three or four characteristic X-raypowder diffraction peaks at approximately 17.45, 18.53, 20.85 or 21.10°2θ. In another embodiment, Form F has one, two, three, four, five, six,seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two,twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven ortwenty-eight characteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks as set forthin Table 13.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to therepresentative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 27. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising atotal mass loss of approximately 6.9% of the total mass of the samplebetween approximately 75° C. and approximately 175° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C. Thus, in certainembodiments, the crystalline form loses about 6.9% of its total masswhen heated from about ambient temperature to about 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 28 comprising an endothermicevent with a maximum at about 113° C. when heated from approximately 25°C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 28 comprising an endothermicevent with an onset temperature of about 223° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is Form F having a ¹H NMR spectrumsubstantially as depicted in FIG. 29. In one embodiment, the ¹H NMRspectrum of Form F shows Form F contains about 0.3 molar equivalents oftoluene. In certain embodiments, Form F is a 0.3 molar equivalentstoluene solvate of Compound 1.

In still another embodiment, Form F is substantially pure. In certainembodiments, the substantially pure Form F is substantially free ofother solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, thepurity of the substantially pure Form F is no less than about 95%, noless than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, noless than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%,or no less than about 99.8%.

Form G

In certain embodiments, provided herein is Form G.

In one embodiment, Form G is a solid form of Compound 1. In anotherembodiment, Form G is crystalline. In one embodiment, Form G is asolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form G is an EtOAcsolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form G is an EtOAchemi-solvated form of Compound 1.

In certain embodiments, Form G provided herein is obtained byequilibration experiments, evaporation experiments and anti-solventrecrystallization experiments (see Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3). Incertain embodiments, Form G is obtained from certain solvent systemsincluding EtOAc.

In certain embodiments, a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form G, issubstantially crystalline, as indicated by, e.g., X-ray powderdiffraction measurements. In one embodiment, Form G has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 30. In oneembodiment, Form G has one or more characteristic X-ray powderdiffraction peaks at approximately 8.63, 9.51, 10.34, 12.14, 14.43,16.44, 16.94, 17.33, 17.90, 18.58, 19.10, 20.09, 20.41, 20.80, 21.28,22.66, 23.62, 24.33, 25.55, 25.65, 26.42, 26.89, 27.00, 27.78, 28.83,29.86, 31.22, 31.77, 32.67, 33.90, 34.28, 35.04, 35.44, 36.24, 36.57,37.59, 38.00 or 38.76° 2θ as depicted in FIG. 30. In a specificembodiment, Form G has one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eightcharacteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks at approximately 9.51,10.34, 16.94, 17.33, 17.90, 21.28, 28.83 or 31.22° 2θ. In anotherembodiment, Form G has one, two, three or four characteristic X-raypowder diffraction peaks at approximately 9.51, 10.34, 17.90 or 21.28°2θ. In another embodiment, Form G has one, two, three, four, five, six,seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two,twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven,twenty-eight, twenty-nine, thirty, thirty-one, thirty-two, thirty-three,thirty-four, thirty-five, thirty-six, thirty-seven or thirty-eightcharacteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks as set forth in Table 14.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to therepresentative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 31. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising atotal mass loss of approximately 11.9% of the total mass of the samplebetween approximately 75° C. and approximately 175° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C. Thus, in certainembodiments, the crystalline form loses about 11.9% of its total masswhen heated from about ambient temperature to about 300° C. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form contains 0.5 molar equivalents ofsolvent in the crystal lattice corresponding to approximately 0.5 moleof EtOAc per mole of Compound 1. The theoretical EtOAc content of anEtOAc hemi-solvate of Compound 1 is 12.1% by weight, matching the TGAweight loss observed. In certain embodiments, the crystalline form is anEtOAc hemi-solvate of Compound 1.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 32 comprising an endothermicevent with a maximum at about 116° C. when heated from approximately 25°C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 32 comprising an endothermicevent with an onset temperature of about 223° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is Form G having a ¹H NMR spectrumsubstantially as depicted in FIG. 33. In one embodiment, the ¹H NMRspectrum of Form G shows Form G contains about 0.5 molar equivalents ofEtOAc. In certain embodiments, Form G is an EtOAc hemi-solvate ofCompound 1.

In still another embodiment, Form G is substantially pure. In certainembodiments, the substantially pure Form G is substantially free ofother solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, thepurity of the substantially pure Form G is no less than about 95%, noless than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, noless than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%,or no less than about 99.8%.

Form H

In certain embodiments, provided herein is Form H.

In one embodiment, Form H is a solid form of Compound 1. In anotherembodiment, Form H is crystalline. In one embodiment, Form H is asolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form H is a DMSOsolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form H is a DMSOhemi-solvated form of Compound 1.

In certain embodiments, Form H provided herein is obtained byequilibration experiments, evaporation experiments, coolingrecrystallization experiments and anti-solvent recrystallizationexperiments. In certain embodiments, Form H is obtained from certainsolvent systems including DMSO.

In certain embodiments, provided herein are methods of preparing Form Hcomprising the steps of 1) mixing2-chloro-4-((1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexylamino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamidewith tert-butylamine and DMSO; 2) heating to a temperature (e.g., frombetween about 55 to about 80° C., such as about 68° C.) for a period oftime (e.g., from about 40 hours to about 80 hours, such as about 60hours); 3) cooling to ambient temperature; 4) adding water; and 5)collecting solids and optionally drying. In one embodiment, thetemperature is from between about 55 to about 80° C., such as about 68°C. In one embodiment, the period of time is from about 40 hours to about80 hours, such as about 60 hours. In another embodiment, water is addedover from about 1 hour to about 4 hours, such as about 2 hours.

In certain embodiments, a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form H, issubstantially crystalline, as indicated by, e.g., X-ray powderdiffraction measurements. In one embodiment, Form H has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 34. In oneembodiment, Form H has one or more characteristic X-ray powderdiffraction peaks at approximately 8.69, 9.74, 10.23, 12.17, 14.64,15.38, 16.33, 17.22, 18.04, 18.55, 20.10, 20.62, 21.76, 23.10, 24.18,25.65, 26.18, 26.78, 27.27, 27.83, 28.43, 29.50, 30.00, 30.54, 31.03,32.07, 32.65, 33.41, 33.74, 34.86, 35.25, 35.77, 36.22, 36.62, 37.08,37.59 or 38.78° 2θ as depicted in FIG. 34. In a specific embodiment,Form H has one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eightcharacteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks at approximately 9.74,10.23, 14.64, 17.22, 18.04, 18.55, 21.76 or 24.18° 2θ. In anotherembodiment, Form H has one, two, three or four characteristic X-raypowder diffraction peaks at approximately 9.74, 17.22, 18.04 or 21.76°2θ. In another embodiment, Form H has one, two, three, four, five, six,seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two,twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven,twenty-eight, twenty-nine, thirty, thirty-one, thirty-two, thirty-three,thirty-four, thirty-five, thirty-six or thirty-seven characteristicX-ray powder diffraction peaks as set forth in Table 15.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a TGA thermograph corresponding substantially to therepresentative TGA thermogram as depicted in FIG. 35. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form exhibits a TGA thermogram comprising atotal mass loss of approximately 11.2% of the total mass of the samplebetween approximately 75° C. and approximately 175° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C. Thus, in certainembodiments, the crystalline form loses about 11.2% of its total masswhen heated from about ambient temperature to about 300° C. In certainembodiments, the crystalline form contains 0.5 molar equivalents ofsolvent in the crystal lattice corresponding to approximately 0.5 moleof DMSO per mole of Compound 1. The theoretical DMSO content of a DMSOhemi-solvate of Compound 1 is 10.8% by weight, matching the TGA weightloss observed. In certain embodiments, the crystalline form is a DMSOhemi-solvate of Compound 1.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 36 comprising an endothermicevent with a maximum at about 160° C. when heated from approximately 25°C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 36 comprising an endothermicevent with an onset temperature of about 222° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C.

In still another embodiment, Form H is substantially pure. In certainembodiments, the substantially pure Form H is substantially free ofother solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, thepurity of the substantially pure Form H is no less than about 95%, noless than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, noless than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%,or no less than about 99.8%.

Form I

In certain embodiments, provided herein is Form I.

In one embodiment, Form I is a solid form of Compound 1. In anotherembodiment, Form I is crystalline. In one embodiment, Form I is asolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form I is a sulfolanesolvated form of Compound 1. In one embodiment, Form I is a 0.75 molarsulfolane solvated form of Compound 1.

In certain embodiments, Form I provided herein is obtained by coolingrecrystallization experiments and anti-solvent recrystallizationexperiments. In certain embodiments, Form I is obtained from certainsolvent systems including sulfolane and water. In certain embodiments,Form I is obtained from a solvent mixture of sulfolane and water (e.g.,about 1:1).

In certain embodiments, a solid form provided herein, e.g., Form I, issubstantially crystalline, as indicated by, e.g., X-ray powderdiffraction measurements. In one embodiment, Form I has an X-ray powderdiffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 38. In oneembodiment, Form I has one or more characteristic X-ray powderdiffraction peaks at approximately 7.94, 10.50, 10.80, 11.86, 13.54,13.92, 14.79, 16.00, 17.26, 18.27, 18.82, 19.48, 19.78, 20.65, 21.31,21.78, 22.83, 23.53, 24.12, 24.75, 25.66, 26.29, 27.71, 28.18, 28.73,29.17, 30.01, 30.52, 31.18, 31.60, 31.85, 32.36, 32.93, 33.59, 34.20,34.76, 35.42, 36.56 or 37.67° 2θ as depicted in FIG. 38. In a specificembodiment, Form I has one, two, three, four, five, six, seven or eightcharacteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks at approximately 7.94,10.50, 11.86, 16.00, 17.26, 18.27, 20.65 or 24.12° 2θ. In anotherembodiment, Form I has one, two, three or four characteristic X-raypowder diffraction peaks at approximately 7.94, 16.00, 18.27 or 20.65°2θ. In another embodiment, Form I has one, two, three, four, five, six,seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen,sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two,twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven,twenty-eight, twenty-nine, thirty, thirty-one, thirty-two, thirty-three,thirty-four, thirty-five, thirty-six, thirty-seven, thirty-eight orthirty-nine characteristic X-ray powder diffraction peaks as set forthin Table 16.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 39 comprising an endothermicevent with a maximum at about 118° C. when heated from approximately 25°C. to approximately 300° C.

In one embodiment, provided herein is a crystalline form of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 39 comprising an endothermicevent with an onset temperature of about 213° C. when heated fromapproximately 25° C. to approximately 300° C.

In still another embodiment, Form I is substantially pure. In certainembodiments, the substantially pure Form I is substantially free ofother solid forms, e.g., amorphous solid. In certain embodiments, thepurity of the substantially pure Form I is no less than about 95%, noless than about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, noless than about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%,or no less than about 99.8%.

Amorphous Solid

In certain embodiments, provided herein is an amorphous solid ofCompound 1.

In certain embodiments, the amorphous solid provided herein is obtainedby heat treatment of Form A. In certain embodiments, the heat treatmentprocess comprises: (1) equilibrating the temperature of Form A at aparticular temperature (e.g., about 25° C.); (2) heating to a firsttemperature (e.g., about 235° C.) at a first speed (e.g., about 10° C.per minute); (3) holding isothermally for a first period of time (e.g.,about 2 minutes); (4) cooling to a second temperature (e.g., about −10°C.) at a second speed (e.g., about 30° C. per minute); (5) modulatingthe temperature at a third speed (e.g., about 0.64° C. every 40seconds); (6) holding isothermally for a second period of time (e.g.,about 5 minutes); (7) heating to a third temperature (e.g., about 213°C.) at a fourth speed (e.g., about 3° C. per minute); and (8) collectingthe resulted solid.

In one embodiment, the amorphous solid has an X-ray powder diffractionspectrum substantially as shown in FIG. 41.

In one embodiment, provided herein is an amorphous solid of Compound 1having a DSC thermogram as depicted in FIG. 42 comprising a glasstransition temperature of 106.6° C. when heated from approximately 25°C. to approximately 300° C.

In still another embodiment, the amorphous solid of Compound 1 issubstantially pure. In certain embodiments, the substantially pureamorphous solid of Compound 1 is substantially free of other solidforms, e.g., Form A, Form B, Form C, Form D, Form E, Form F, Form G,Form H, and Form I. In certain embodiments, the purity of thesubstantially pure amorphous solid is no less than about 95%, no lessthan about 96%, no less than about 97%, no less than about 98%, no lessthan about 98.5%, no less than about 99%, no less than about 99.5%, orno less than about 99.8%.

Methods of Use

Solid forms of Compound 1 have utility as pharmaceuticals to treat,prevent or improve conditions in animals or humans. Further, the solidforms of Compound 1 are active against protein kinases, particularlyJNK1 and/or JNK2. Accordingly, provided herein are many uses of thesolid forms of Compound 1, including the treatment or prevention ofthose diseases set forth below. The methods provided herein comprise theadministration of an effective amount of one or more solid form(s) ofCompound 1 to a subject in need thereof.

In one aspect provided herein are methods of inhibiting a kinase in acell expressing said kinase, comprising contacting said cell with aneffective amount of a solid form of Compound 1. In one embodiment thekinase is JNK1, JNK2, or mutants or isoforms thereof, or a combinationthereof. For example, the solid form of Compound A is Form A, Form B,Form C, Form D, Form E, Form F, Form G, Form H, Form I, the amorphoussolid or a mixture thereof. In a further aspect provided herein are thesolid forms of Compound 1 for use in such methods of inhibiting a kinasein a cell expressing said kinase.

In another aspect provided herein are methods for treating or preventingone or more disorders selected from interstitial pulmonary fibrosis,systemic sclerosis, scleroderma, chronic allograft nephropathy, antibodymediated rejection, or lupus, comprising administering to a subject inneed thereof an effective amount of a solid form of Compound 1. In somesuch embodiments, the lupus is lupus erythematosus (such as discoidlupus erythematosus, or cutaneous lupus erythematosus) or systemiclupus. In a further aspect provided herein are the solid forms ofCompound 1 for use in such methods for treating or preventing one ormore disorders selected from interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, systemicsclerosis, scleroderma, chronic allograft nephropathy, antibody mediatedrejection, or lupus.

In another aspect provided herein are methods for treating or preventingliver fibrotic disorders, such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,steatosis (i.e. fatty liver), cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis,primary biliary cirrhosis, hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, andliver fibrosis coincident with chronic or repeated alcohol ingestion(alcoholic hepatitis), with infection (e.g., viral infection such asHCV), with liver transplant, or with drug induced liver injury (e.g.,acetaminophen toxicity), comprising administering to a subject in needthereof an effective amount of a solid form of Compound 1. In some suchaspects, provided herein are methods for treating or preventing diabetesor metabolic syndrome leading to liver fibrotic disorders, such asnon-alcoholic steatohepatitis, steatosis (i.e. fatty liver), cirrhosis,primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, andhepatitis, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof aneffective amount of a solid form of Compound 1. In a further aspectprovided herein are the solid forms of Compound 1 for use in suchmethods.

In another aspect provided herein are methods for treating or preventingconditions treatable or preventable by inhibition of JNK1 and/or JNK2,the method comprising administering to a subject in need thereof aneffective amount of a solid form of Compound 1. Examples of suchconditions include rheumatoid arthritis; rheumatoid spondylitis;osteoarthritis; asthma, bronchitis; allergic rhinitis; chronicobstructive pulmonary disease; cystic fibrosis; inflammatory boweldisease; irritable bowel syndrome; mucous colitis; ulcerative colitis;Crohn's disease; Huntington's disease; hepatitis; pancreatitis;nephritis; multiple sclerosis; lupus erythematosus; Type II diabetes;obesity; atherosclerosis; restenosis following angioplasty; leftventricular hypertrophy; myocardial infarction; stroke; ischemic damagesof heart, lung, gut, kidney, liver, pancreas, spleen and brain; acute orchronic organ transplant rejection; preservation of the organ fortransplantation; organ failure or loss of limb (e.g., including, but notlimited to, that resulting from ischemia-reperfusion injury, trauma,gross bodily injury, car accident, crush injury or transplant failure);graft versus host disease; endotoxin shock; multiple organ failure;psoriasis; burn from exposure to fire, chemicals or radiation; eczema;dermatitis; skin graft; ischemia; ischemic conditions associated withsurgery or traumatic injury (e.g., vehicle accident, gunshot wound orlimb crush); epilepsy; Alzheimer's disease; Parkinson's disease;immunological response to bacterial or viral infection; cachexia;angiogenic and proliferative diseases; solid tumor; and cancers of avariety of tissues such as colon, rectum, prostate, liver, lung,bronchus, pancreas, brain, head, neck, stomach, skin, kidney, cervix,blood, larynx, esophagus, mouth, pharynx, urinary bladder, ovary oruterine. In a further aspect provided herein are the solid forms ofCompound 1 for use in such methods. Generally, all compounds of thepresent invention are intended for use in a method of treatment of alldiseases disclosed.

Pharmaceutical Compositions and Routes of Administration

The solid forms of Compound 1 can be administered to a subject orally,topically or parenterally in the conventional form of preparations, suchas capsules, microcapsules, tablets, granules, powder, troches, pills,suppositories, injections, suspensions, syrups, patches, creams,lotions, ointments, gels, sprays, solutions and emulsions. Suitableformulations can be prepared by methods commonly employed usingconventional, organic or inorganic additives, such as an excipient(e.g., sucrose, starch, mannitol, sorbitol, lactose, glucose, cellulose,talc, calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate), a binder (e.g.,cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose,polypropylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatin, gum arabic,polyethyleneglycol, sucrose or starch), a disintegrator (e.g., starch,carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylstarch, low substitutedhydroxypropylcellulose, sodium bicarbonate, calcium phosphate or calciumcitrate), a lubricant (e.g., magnesium stearate, light anhydrous silicicacid, talc or sodium lauryl sulfate), a flavoring agent (e.g., citricacid, menthol, glycine or orange powder), a preservative (e.g., sodiumbenzoate, sodium bisulfite, methylparaben or propylparaben), astabilizer (e.g., citric acid, sodium citrate or acetic acid), asuspending agent (e.g., methylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrroliclone oraluminum stearate), a dispersing agent (e.g.,hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), a diluent (e.g., water), and base wax(e.g., cocoa butter, white petrolatum or polyethylene glycol). Theeffective amount of the solid forms of Compound 1 in the pharmaceuticalcomposition may be at a level that will exercise the desired effect; forexample, about 0.005 mg/kg of a subject's body weight to about 10 mg/kgof a subject's body weight in unit dosage for both oral and parenteraladministration.

The dose of a solid form of Compound 1 to be administered to a subjectis rather widely variable and can be subject to the judgment of ahealthcare practitioner. In general, the solid forms of Compound 1 canbe administered one to four times a day in a dose of about 0.005 mg/kgof a subject's body weight to about 10 mg/kg of a subject's body weightin a subject, but the above dosage may be properly varied depending onthe age, body weight and medical condition of the subject and the typeof administration. In one embodiment, the dose is about 0.01 mg/kg of asubject's body weight to about 5 mg/kg of a subject's body weight, about0.05 mg/kg of a subject's body weight to about 1 mg/kg of a subject'sbody weight, about 0.1 mg/kg of a subject's body weight to about 0.75mg/kg of a subject's body weight or about 0.25 mg/kg of a subject's bodyweight to about 0.5 mg/kg of a subject's body weight. In one embodiment,one dose is given per day. In any given case, the amount of the solidform of Compound 1 administered will depend on such factors as thesolubility of the active component, the formulation used and the routeof administration. In one embodiment, application of a topicalconcentration provides intracellular exposures or concentrations ofabout 0.01-10 μM.

In another embodiment, provided herein are methods for the treatment orprevention of a disease or disorder comprising the administration ofabout 0.375 mg/day to about 750 mg/day, about 0.75 mg/day to about 375mg/day, about 3.75 mg/day to about 75 mg/day, about 7.5 mg/day to about55 mg/day or about 18 mg/day to about 37 mg/day of a solid form ofCompound 1 to a subject in need thereof.

In another embodiment, provided herein are methods for the treatment orprevention of a disease or disorder comprising the administration ofabout 1 mg/day to about 1200 mg/day, about 10 mg/day to about 1200mg/day, about 100 mg/day to about 1200 mg/day, about 400 mg/day to about1200 mg/day, about 600 mg/day to about 1200 mg/day, about 400 mg/day toabout 800 mg/day, about 60 mg/day to about 720 mg/day, about 240 mg/dayto about 720 mg/day or about 600 mg/day to about 800 mg/day of a solidform of Compound 1 to a subject in need thereof. In a particularembodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise the administration of400 mg/day, 600 mg/day or 800 mg/day of a solid form of Compound 1 to asubject in need thereof.

In another embodiment, provided herein are methods for the treatment orprevention of a disease or disorder comprising the administration ofabout 10 mg/day to about 720 mg/day, about 10 mg/day to about 480mg/day, about 60 mg/day to about 720 mg/day or about 240 mg/day to about720 mg/day of a solid form of Compound 1 to a subject in need thereof.

In another embodiment, provided herein are unit dosage formulations thatcomprise between about 10 mg and 100 mg, about 1 mg and 200 mg, about 35mg and about 1400 mg, about 125 mg and about 1000 mg, about 250 mg andabout 1000 mg, or about 500 mg and about 1000 mg of a solid form ofCompound 1.

In a particular embodiment, provided herein are unit dosage formulationscomprising about 100 mg or 400 mg of a solid form of Compound 1.

In another embodiment, provided herein are unit dosage formulations thatcomprise about 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 35 mg, 50 mg, 60mg, 70 mg, 100 mg, 120 mg, 125 mg, 140 mg, 175 mg, 200 mg, 240 mg, 250mg, 280 mg, 350 mg, 480 mg, 500 mg, 560 mg, 700 mg, 720 mg, 750 mg, 1000mg or 1400 mg of a solid form of Compound 1.

In another embodiment, provided herein are unit dosage formulations thatcomprise about 10 mg, 30 mg or 100 mg of a solid form of Compound 1.

A solid form of Compound 1 can be administered once, twice, three, fouror more times daily. In a particular embodiment, doses of 600 mg or lessare administered as a once daily dose and doses of more than 600 mg areadministered twice daily in an amount equal to one half of the totaldaily dose. In one embodiment, a solid form of Compound 1 can beadministered once daily for 14 days.

A solid form of Compound 1 can be administered orally for reasons ofconvenience. In one embodiment, when administered orally, a solid formof Compound 1 is administered with a meal and water. In anotherembodiment, the solid form of Compound 1 is dispersed in water or juice(e.g., apple juice or orange juice) and administered orally as asuspension.

The solid form of Compound 1 can also be administered intradermally,intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, percutaneously, intravenously,subcutaneously, intranasally, epidurally, sublingually, intracerebrally,intravaginally, transdermally, rectally, mucosally, by inhalation, ortopically to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. The mode of administrationis left to the discretion of the health-care practitioner, and candepend in-part upon the site of the medical condition.

In one embodiment, provided herein are capsules containing a solid formof Compound 1 without an additional carrier, excipient or vehicle.

In another embodiment, provided herein are compositions comprising aneffective amount of a solid form of Compound 1 and a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier or vehicle, wherein a pharmaceutically acceptablecarrier or vehicle can comprise an excipient, diluent, or a mixturethereof. In one embodiment, the composition is a pharmaceuticalcomposition.

The compositions can be in the form of tablets, chewable tablets,capsules, solutions, parenteral solutions, troches, suppositories andsuspensions and the like. Compositions can be formulated to contain adaily dose, or a convenient fraction of a daily dose, in a dosage unit,which may be a single tablet or capsule or convenient volume of aliquid. In one embodiment, the solutions are prepared from water-solublesalts, such as the hydrochloride salt. In general, all of thecompositions are prepared according to known methods in pharmaceuticalchemistry. Capsules can be prepared by mixing a solid form of Compound 1with a suitable carrier or diluent and filling the proper amount of themixture in capsules. The usual carriers and diluents include, but arenot limited to, inert powdered substances such as starch of manydifferent kinds, powdered cellulose, especially crystalline andmicrocrystalline cellulose, sugars such as fructose, mannitol andsucrose, grain flours and similar edible powders.

Tablets can be prepared by direct compression, by wet granulation, or bydry granulation. Their formulations usually incorporate diluents,binders, lubricants and disintegrators as well as the compound. Typicaldiluents include, for example, various types of starch, lactose,mannitol, kaolin, calcium phosphate or sulfate, inorganic salts such assodium chloride and powdered sugar. Powdered cellulose derivatives arealso useful. Typical tablet binders are substances such as starch,gelatin and sugars such as lactose, fructose, glucose and the like.Natural and synthetic gums are also convenient, including acacia,alginates, methylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidine and the like.Polyethylene glycol, ethylcellulose and waxes can also serve as binders.

A lubricant might be necessary in a tablet formulation to prevent thetablet and punches from sticking in the dye. The lubricant can be chosenfrom such slippery solids as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate,stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oils. Tablet disintegrators aresubstances that swell when wetted to break up the tablet and release thecompound. They include starches, clays, celluloses, algins and gums.More particularly, corn and potato starches, methylcellulose, agar,bentonite, wood cellulose, powdered natural sponge, cation-exchangeresins, alginic acid, guar gum, citrus pulp and carboxymethyl cellulose,for example, can be used as well as sodium lauryl sulfate. Tablets canbe coated with sugar as a flavor and sealant, or with film-formingprotecting agents to modify the dissolution properties of the tablet.The compositions can also be formulated as chewable tablets, forexample, by using substances such as mannitol in the formulation.

When it is desired to administer a solid form of Compound 1 as asuppository, typical bases can be used. Cocoa butter is a traditionalsuppository base, which can be modified by addition of waxes to raiseits melting point slightly. Water-miscible suppository bases comprising,particularly, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights are inwide use.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise Form A, including substantially pure Form A.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise Form B, including substantially pure Form B.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise Form C, including substantially pure Form C.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise Form D, including substantially pure Form D.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise Form E, including substantially pure Form E.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise Form F, including substantially pure Form F.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise Form G, including substantially pure Form G.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise Form H, including substantially pure Form H.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise Form I, including substantially pure Form I.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise the amorphous solid, including the substantially pure amorphoussolid.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided hereincomprise a mixture of one or more solid form(s) of Compound 1, includingForm A, Form B, Form C, Form D, Form E, Form F, Form G, Form H, Form Iand the amorphous solid, wherein every possible combination of the solidforms of Compound 1 is possible.

EXAMPLES

The following Examples are presented by way of illustration, notlimitation. The following abbreviations are used in descriptions andexamples:

-   ACN: Acetonitrile-   Am: Amorphous-   AmPhos: p-Dimethylamino phenylditbutylphosphine-   API: Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient-   Boc: tert-Butoxycarbonyl-   n-BuOH: n-Butanol-   dba: Dibenzylidene acetone-   DBU: 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene-   DCM: Dichloromethane-   DIPEA: N,N-Diisopropylethylamine-   DMAc: N,N-Dimethylacetamide-   DMF: N,N-Dimethylformide-   DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide-   DSC: Differential Scanning Calorimetry-   DVS: Dynamic Vapor Sorption-   EDTA: Ethylenediamine tetraacetate-   ESI: Electronspray ionization-   EtOAc: Ethyl acetate-   EtOH: Ethanol-   FTIR: Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy-   HPLC: High performance liquid chromatography-   IPA: 2-Propanol-   IPAc: Isopropyl acetate-   LCMS: Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectroscopy-   MEK: Methyl ethyl ketone-   MeOH: Methanol-   2-MeTHF: 2-Methyl tetrahydrofuran-   mp: Melting point-   MS: Mass spectrometry-   MTBE: tert-Butyl methyl ether-   NBS: N-Bromosuccinimide-   NMP: N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone-   NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance-   RH: Relative Humidity-   RT: Room Temperature-   Rx Recrystallization-   S: Solvent-   SDTA: Single Differential Thermal Analysis-   SM: Starting material-   S-SegPhos (S)-(−)-5,5-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-4,4-bi-1,3-benzodioxole-   TA: Thermal Analysis-   Tf: Triflate or trifluoromethanesulfonyl-   TFA: Trifluoroacetic acid-   TFE: 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol-   TGA: Thermogravimetric Analysis-   TGA-MS/TG-MS: Thermogravimetric Analysis coupled with Mass    Spectroscopy-   THF: Tetrahydrofuran-   TLC: Thin layer chromatography-   XRPD: X-Ray Powder Diffraction

SYNTHETIC EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting synthetic examples show methods for thepreparation of Compound 1. ACD/NAME (Advanced Chemistry Development,Inc., Ontario, Canada) was used to generate names for chemicalstructures and Chemdraw (Cambridgesoft, Perkin Elmer, Waltham, Mass.)draw the chemical structures.

Example 1:2-(tert-Butylamino)-4-{[(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carboxamide

2-Chloro-4-{[(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carboxamide

To a reactor was added (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanolhydrochloride (16.0 kg), 2,4-dichloropyrimidine-5-carboxamide (19.0 kg),K₂CO₃ (14.9 kg) and THF (160 L) at 25° C. The batch was cooled to 0° C.,and water (160 L) was added. The batch was stirred for an additional 1 hat 0° C., warmed to 25° C. and held for 16 h. Water (288 L) was added tothe batch while keeping the batch at 25° C., and the batch was cooled to15° C. and agitated for an additional 4 hs. The batch was filtered,rinsed twice with water (2×80 L), and dried in a vacuum oven at 40° C.with nitrogen bleed for 24 h to give2-chloro-4-{[(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carboxamideas white powder (23.3 kg, 86% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 0.93 (d, J=5.7Hz, 3H), 0.97-1.29 (m, 4H), 1.63-1.68 (m, 1H), 1.75-1.88 (m, 1H),2.09-2.13 (m, 1H), 3.00-3.08 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.95 (m, 1H), 4.65 (d, J=5.1Hz, 1H), 7.69 (br. s., 1H), 8.20 (br. s., 1H), 8.53 (s, 1H), 9.22 (d,J=7.5 Hz, 1H).

2-(tert-Butylamino)-4-{[(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carboxamide(Compound 1)

To a reactor was charged2-chloro-4-{[(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carboxamide(41 kg), t-butylamine (105.3 kg) and DMSO (205 L). The batch was heatedto 68° C. under 10 psig of nitrogen pressure, held for 80 h, and cooledto 25° C. The batch was filtered through a 0.45 m in-line filter to asecond reactor. The batch was heated to 60° C., and water (205 L) wascharged through a 0.45 μm in-line filter. The batch was seeded withmicronized Compound 1 (820 g) agitated at 60° C. for over an hour, andwater (615 L) was charged to the batch through a 0.45 μm in-line filterin 3 h at 60° C. The batch was agitated for 1 h at 60° C., cooled to 25°C. over 6 h, filtered, and washed with water (410 mL), which wasfiltered through a 0.45 μm in-line filter. The solids were dried in avacuum oven at 40° C. with nitrogen bleed for over 72 h to give2-(tert-butylamino)-4-{[(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carboxamideas Form A and a white solid (43.5 kg, 94% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ0.95 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 0.97-1.28 (m, 4H), 1.37 (s, 9H), 1.60-1.75 (m,1H), 1.83-2.00 (m, 1H), 2.06-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.86-3.07 (m, 1H), 3.74-4.01(m, 1H), 4.59 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (br. s., 1H), 7.03 (br. s., 1H),7.57 (br. s., 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.93 (br. s., 1H).

Recrystallization of2-(tert-butylamino)-4-{[(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carboxamide(Compound 1)

To a reactor was charged2-(tert-butylamino)-4-{[(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carboxamide(30 g), 2-propanol (203 mL) and water (67.5 mL). The batch was heated to35° C. and filtered through a 0.45 μm in-line filter at 35° C. into asecond reactor. The first reactor and transfer lines were rinsed with amixture of 2-propanol (33.75 mL) and water (11.25 mL) that was filteredthrough a 0.45 m filter. The batch was heated to 70° C., and water (360mL) was charged through a 0.45 μm in-line filter to the batchmaintaining a batch temperature of 70° C. The batch was cooled to 60°C., seeded with a slurry of Compound 1 (0.9 g) in filtered2-propanol:water mixture (9 mL; 1:9 v/v) at 60° C. The batch wasagitated at 60° C. for 30 min, cooled to 0° C., agitated at 0° C. for 14h, filtered, and washed with a 2-propanol:water mixture (60 mL; 1:9 v/v60 mL) via a 0.45 μm in-line filter. The batch was dried in a vacuumoven at 40° C. with nitrogen bleed for 72 h to give2-(tert-butylamino)-4-{[(1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl]amino}pyrimidine-5-carboxamideas Form A and a white solid (26 g, 85% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 0.95(d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H), 0.97-1.28 (m, 4H), 1.37 (s, 9H), 1.60-1.75 (m, 1H),1.83-2.00 (m, 1H), 2.06-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.86-3.07 (m, 1H), 3.74-4.01 (m,1H), 4.59 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (br. s., 1H), 7.03 (br. s., 1H), 7.57(br. s., 1H), 8.36 (s, 1H), 8.93 (br. s., 1H).

Example 2:4-(tert-Butylamino)-2-((trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide

4-(tert-Butylamino)-2-chloropyrimidine-5-carboxamide

A mixture of 2,4-dichloro-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide (10.0 g), DIPEA (11mL) in NMP (30 mL) were stirred at 25° C. tert-Butylamine (6.6 mL) wascharged to the mixture, and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 16 h.Water (100 mL) was added to the mixture at 25° C. The mixture wasstirred for 1 h. The suspension was filtered, washed with water (50 mL)and dried in a vacuum oven at 40° C. with a nitrogen bleed for 24 h togive 4-(tert-butylamino)-2-chloropyrimidine-5-carboxamide as a whitesolid (8.7 g, 84%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.41 (s, 1H), 8.55 (s, 1H), 8.19(s, 1H), 7.67 (s, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H).

4-(tert-Butylamino)-2-((trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide

A mixture of 4-(tert-butylamino)-2-chloropyrimidine-5-carboxamide (0.5g), trans-4-aminocyclohexanol hydrochloride (0.40 g), Na₂CO₃ (0.28 g) inNMP (3.5 mL) was heated at 85° C. and held for 6 h. The mixture wascooled to 35° C., and water (10 mL) was added. After 30 minutes, thebatch was cooled to 25° C. and held for 1 h. The suspension wasfiltered, washed with water (2.5 mL) and dried in a vacuum oven at 40°C. with a nitrogen bleed for 24 h to give4-(tert-butylamino)-2-((trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamideas a white solid (0.6 g, 89%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.17 (broads, 1H),8.32 (s, 1H), 7.01 (broads, 1H), 4.52 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.25 (m,2H), 1.84 (m, 4H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.33-1.16 (m, 4H).

Recrystallization of 4-(tert-butylamino)-2-((trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino) pyrimidine-5-carboxamide

A mixture of4-(tert-butylamino)-2-((trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide(0.2 g) in ethanol (1.0 mL) was heated to 60° C. and held for 30minutes. Water (4 mL) was charged over 1 h. The mixture was cooled to25° C. over 1 h and held for 1 h. The suspension was filtered, washedwith water (4 mL), and dried in a vacuum oven at 40° C. with a nitrogenbleed for 24 h to give4-(tert-butylamino)-2-((trans-4-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide(0.18 g, 90% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 9.17 (broads, 1H), 8.32 (s, 1H),7.01 (broads, 1H), 4.52 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.70-3.25 (m, 2H), 1.84 (m,4H), 1.41 (s, 9H), 1.33-1.16 (m, 4H).

Example 3:4-(Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-ylamino)-2-(((1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide

4-(Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-ylamino)-2-chloropyrimidine-5-carboxamide

A mixture of 2,4-dichloro-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide (2 g),bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-amine hydrochloride (1.18 g), sodium bicarbonate(1.75 g), and NMP (10 mL) was stirred at 25° C. for 24 h. Water (10 mL)was charged maintaining the reaction temperature less than 30° C., andthe mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h. The suspension was filtered,and washed with NMP:water (1:1 10 mL), then water (2×10 mL), and driedin a vacuum oven at 40° C. with nitrogen sweep to give4-(bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-ylamino)-2-chloropyrimidine-5-carboxamide as awhite solid (1.97 g, 83% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 2.14 (s, 6H),2.51-2.53 (m, 1H), 7.76 (br. s., 1H), 8.23 (br. s., 1H), 8.60 (s, 1H),9.57 (s, 1H).

4-(Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-ylamino)-2-(((1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino) pyrimidine-5-carboxamide

A mixture of4-(bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-ylamino)-2-chloropyrimidine-5-carboxamide (44g), (1S,3R)-3-aminocyclohexanol (27.6 g), potassium carbonate (38.2 g)and DMSO (300 mL) was heated at 85° C. for 12 h. After cooling to roomtemperature, water (2 L) and a mixture of THF and EtOAc (1:1, 2 L) wereadded. The aqueous phase was separated and the organic layer was washedwith saturated brine (2 L). The organic layer was concentrated underreduced pressure to give the crude product as a purple foam which wastriturated with hot acetonitrile (1 L). After cooling to roomtemperature the solid was filtered and washed with acetonitrile (200mL). The solids was dried in a vacuum oven at 50° C. to give4-(bicyclo[1.1.1]pentan-1-ylamino)-2-(((1R,3S)-3-hydroxycyclohexyl)amino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamideas an off-white solid (4 g, 79% yield).

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 0.91-1.31 (m, 4H), 1.60-1.89 (m, 3H), 2.01-2.20 (m,7H), 3.34 (s, 1H), 3.37-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.85 (m, 1H), 4.65 (d, J=4.3Hz, 1H), 6.90 (br. s., 1H), 7.20 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (br. s., 1H),8.37 (s, 1H), [9.23 (s, 0.14H)], 9.41 (s, 0.86H).

Example 4:2-(tert-butylamino)-4-((1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexylamino)-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide

A mixture of 2-chloro-4-((1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexylamino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamide (4 g), tert-butylamine (14 mL) and DMSO (20 mL)was heated to 68° C. and held for 60 hours. After cooling to roomtemperature, water (20× vol, 80 mL) was added over 2 hours. The slurrywas agitated for 2 hours and the crude product was collected as the DMSOhemi-solvate of2-(tert-butylamino)-4-((1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexylamino)-pyrimidine-5-carboxamide(Form H) by suction filtration.

Example 5: Route 1 for synthesis of(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol and its HCl salt

Route 1 has been used to make (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanoland its HCl salt starting from Limonene. Epoxidation of (−)-Limonenewith m-CPBA yielded compound (Y). Cleavage of the double bond incompound (Y) with O₃, followed by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation providedcompound (3). The epoxide of compound (3) was converted back to thealkene (4). Reductive hydrolysis of the acetyl group in compound (4)gave alcohol (5). The chiral center of compound (5) was inverted by asequence of tosylation, azide addition, and reduction, to give compound(7). Protection of compound (7) with Boc₂O yielded compound (8). Thetrans hydroxyl group was installed by hydroboration/oxidation ofcompound (8) to give a 1:1 mixture of diastereomers of compound (9a) and(9b). The diastereomers were separated by chiral SFC to give compound(9a). Deprotection of compound (9a) with acid, such as HCl, provided(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol HCl salt (A).

Example 6: Route 2 for synthesis of(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol and its HCl salt

Route 2 was used to make (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol and itsHCl salt starting from isoprene. Route 2 shares a common intermediatecompound (8) as in Route 1. Asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction of isoprene(12) and ester (11) in the presence of the catalysts (15) and (16)provided compound (17) in >98% ee. Catalyst (15) was formed from thereaction of compound (13) and compound (14). Hydrolysis of compound (17)with base, such as LiOH or NaOH, afforded the acid (18). Curtisrearrangement of (18) with diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA), followed byt-butanol addition, led to compound (8) with retention ofstereochemistry. The trans hydroxyl group was installed byhydroboration/oxidation of compound (8) to give a mixture ofdiastereomers of compound (9a) and (9b). When(+)-diisopinocampheylborane, which is prepared from (−)-alfa-pinene andborane-methyl sulfide, was used as a hydroboration agent, a ratio of5-8:1 of compound 9a and 9b was obtained. The diastereomers wereseparated by recrystallization with MTBE to give compound 9a.Deprotection of compound 9a with acid provided(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol HCl salt (A). The enantiomericpurity could be further enhanced by recrystallization in 2-propanol.

Several reaction conditions affected the enantio-selectivity during theformation of compound (17):

Triflimide (16) load: The load of triflimide (16) must be less than theload of catalyst (15). As shown in the table below, enantio-selectivityand conversion was high with excess catalyst (15) relative to triflimide(16), such as 0.3 eq:0.2 eq, 0.24 eq:0.20 eq, and 0.24 eq:0.15 eqrespectively. However, charging just 0.05 eq of triflimide to abovecompleted reactions resulted in compound (17) in various % ee. While thetotal amount of triflimide (16) is lower than catalyst (15) as in column1 and 2, no erosion of ee was observed. While the total amount oftriflimide (16) was higher than catalyst (15) as in column 3 and 4, theee of compound (17) decreased to 50% within one hour and then to 0%after 2.5 h. While the quantity of catalyst (15), (0.18 eq) was lowerthan triflimide (16) (0.20 eq) in the beginning of the reaction,compound (17) has 50% ee at 1 h time point, and is completely racemizedafter 16 h. (column 5).

Compound (15) 0.24 eq 0.30 eq 0.24 eq 0.24 eq 0.18 eq triflimide (16)0.15 eq 0.20 eq 0.20 eq 0.20 eq 0.20 eq additive n/a n/a 3% prolinol 5%boronic n/a (13) acid (14) conversion 100 100 100 100 100 (% e.e.) (98%)(98%) (98%) (98%) (0%) Triflimide (16) 0.05 eq 0.05 eq 0.05 eq 0.05 eqadded % e.e. 98% 98% 50% 50% 1 h 0° C. % e.e. 98% 98%  0%  0% 2.5 h rt

Catalytic load: The load of catalyst (15) was between 5-20% mole. Whenthe reaction was preformed at −20° C., compound (17) has 99% eeirrespective of the catalyst load.

Solution Catalyst (15) Reaction time Conversion yield Compound (17) (%mole) (h) (%) (%) % ee 20 9 98 83 99 10 18 97 84 99 5 24 94 82 99

Reaction temperature: Higher reaction temperature led to lowerenantio-selectivity. It is preferred to run the reaction below −20-0° C.in order to obtain the % ee>98%.

Reaction Temperature Compound (17) % ee −20° C. 99 0° C. 98 20° C. 97

Example 7: Route 3 for synthesis of(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol and its HCl salt

Route 3 can be used to make (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol andits HCl salt starting from isoprene. Diels-Alder reaction of isopreneand acryl chloride (19) gives the racemic compound (20). Resolution ofcompound (20) with a chiral amine, such as (S)- or (R)-phenylethanamine,affords enantiomerically enriched acid (18). Following the procedure ofRoute 2, Curtis rearrangement of (18) leads to compound (8) withretention of stereochemistry. Other reagents other thandiphenylphosphoryl azide, such as CDI/NH₂OH/tBuOH can be used in theCurtis rearrangement reaction. The trans hydroxyl group is installed byhydroboration/oxidation of compound (8) to give a mixture ofdiastereomers of compound (9a) and (9b). When diisopinocampheylborane isused as hydroboration agent, a ratio of ˜5-8:1 of compound (9a) and (9b)is obtained. The diastereomers are separated by recrystallization withMTBE to give compound (9a). Deprotection of compound (9a) with acid,such as HCl, provides (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol HCl salt(A).

Example 8: Route 4 for synthesis of(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol and its HCl salt

Route 4 can be used to make (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol andits HCl salt starting from isoprene. Diels-Alder reaction of chiralcompound (21) (R=iPr, CH₂Ph) and isoprene gives compound (22).Hydrolysis of compound (22) gives the intermediate compound (18). Curtisrearrangement of (18) gives (8) as in route 2. The trans hydroxyl groupis installed by hydroboration/oxidation of compound (8) to give amixture of diastereomers of compound (9a) and (9b). When(+)-diisopinocampheylborane is used as hydroboration agent, a ratio of-5-8:1 of compound (9a) and (9b) is obtained. The diastereomers areseparated by recrystallization with MTBE to give compound (9a).Deprotection of compound 5 with acid provides(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol HCl salt (A).

Example 9: Route 5 for synthesis of(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol and its HCl salt

Route 5 can be used to make (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol andits HCl salt starting from nitroethene (23) and isoprene. Diels-Alderreaction of nitroethene (23) and isoprene gives the racemic compound(24). The trans hydroxyl group is installed by hydroboration/oxidationof compound (24) to give a mixture of four diastereomers (25 a-d). Thediastereomers (25) are treated with base, such as NaOH, NaOEt or KOtBu,to give a mixture of two enantiomers (25a) and (25b). Reduction of thenitro group of (25a) and (25b) gives amines (26a) and (26b). Compounds(26a) and (26b) are separated by resolution or chiral SFC to give(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol or its HCl salt (A).

Example 10: Route 6 for synthesis of(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol and its HCl salt

Route 6 can be used to make (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol andits HCl salt starting from amine (27). As described in InternationalPatent Application publication WO2012/145569, protection of the amine(27) with compound (28) gave phthalimide (29). Dehydration with acid,such as H₂SO₄/KHSO₄ gave alkene (30). Deprotection of (30) affordedamine (31). The amine was protected to give the racemic (32). The transhydroxyl group was installed by hydroboration/oxidation of compound (32)to give a mixture of four diastereomers (9 a-d). Compound 9a is purifiedby chiral SFC as described in route 1. Deprotection of compound 9a withacid, such as HCl, provides (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol HClsalt (A).

Example 11: Route 7 for synthesis of(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol and its HCl salt

Route 7 can be used to make (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol andits HCl salt starting from (R)-acid (18), which could be prepared asdescribed in Route 2. Iodolactonization of (18) gives lactone (33).Reaction of (33) with an alkoxide, such as NaOMe or NaOiPr, providesepoxide (34). The epoxide is opened by Ti(OiPr)₄/Mg/TMSC1 to give (35).Hydrolysis of (35), then followed by Curtis rearrangement of (36)affords (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol or its HCl salt.

Example 12: Route 8 for synthesis of(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol and its HCl salt

Route 8 can be used to make (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol andits HCl salt starting from aniline (37). Reduction of (37) by catalytichydrogenation gives compound (38). Reduction of (38) with a reducingagent, such as NaBH₄, affords compound (39). Purification of compound(39) with chiral SFC provides (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol orits HCl salt (A). Alternatively, the amine of compound (39) is protectedwith a Boc group to give a mixture of diastereomers (40). Compound (40)is purified by chiral SFC to give compound (9a). Deprotection ofcompound (9a) with an acid such as HCl provides(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol HCl salt (A).

Example 13: Route 9 for synthesis of(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol and its HCl salt

Route 9 can be used to make (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol andits HCl salt starting from methylethylketone. Reaction of (41) and (42)gives diketone (43). A chiral amine, such as (S)-phenylethanamine or(R)-phenylethanamine is added to the ketone to give (44). Resolution of(44) gives enantiomerically enriched (44a). Reduction of compound (44a)gives a mixture of diastereomers (45). Compound (45a) is purified byeither chiral SFC or resolution. Hydrogenation deprotection of compound(45a) provides (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol or its HCl salt(A).

Example 14: Route 10 for synthesis of(1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol and its HCl salt

Route 10 can be used to make (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol andits HCl salt starting from compound (46). Ketal formation followed byepoxidation of (46) gives (47). The trans alcohol is installed byopening the epoxide with AlMe₃/MeLi to give (48a) and (48b). Compound(48a) is purified by either chiral SFC or resolution. Deprotection of(48a) gives ketone (49). Reaction of (49) with hydroxylamine produceshydroxylimine (50). Tosylation of (50) gives tosylimine (51). Asymmetricreduction of (51) with Pd(CF₃CO₂)₂/S-SegPhos/H₂/TFE or other chiralcatalysts, gives the tosylamine (52). Deprotection of compound (52)provides (1R,2R,5R)-5-amino-2-methylcyclohexanol or its salt (A).

Solid Forms Analytical Methods

A polymorph screen of Compound 1 was performed to investigate whetherdifferent solid forms could be generated under various conditions, suchas different solvents, temperature and humidity changes.

The solvents used in the polymorph screen were either HPLC or reagentgrade, including n-BuOH, acetone, ACN, ACN/water, DCM, DMSO, EtOAc,EtOH, EtOH/water, heptane, heptanes, IPA, MEK, MeOH, MTBE, THF,THF/water, toluene and water.

All of solid samples generated in the polymorph screen were analyzed byXRPD. XRPD analysis was conducted on a PANalytical Empyrean or a ThermoARL X'TRA X-ray powder diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation at 1.54 Å.

The PANalytical Empyrean instrument was equipped with a fine focus X-raytube. The voltage and amperage of the X-ray generator were set at 45 kVand 40 mA, respectively. The divergence slits were set at 1/16° and ⅛°,and the receiving slits was set at 1/16°. Diffracted radiation wasmeasured using a Pixel 2D detector. A theta-two theta continuous scanwas set at step size 0.013 or 0.026 from 3° to 40° 2θ with samplespinning rate at 4. A sintered alumina standard was used to check thepeak positions.

The Thermo ARL X'TRA instrument was equipped with a fine focus X-raytube. The voltage and amperage of the X-ray generator were set at 45 kVand 40 mA, respectively. The divergence slits were set at 4 mm and 2 mmand the measuring slits were set at 0.5 mm and 0.2 mm. Diffractedradiation was measured using a Peltier-cooled Si (Li) solid-statedetector. A theta-two theta continuous scan at 2.40°/min (0.5 sec/0.02°step) from 1.5° to 400 2θ was used. A sintered alumina standard was usedto check the peak positions.

DSC analyses were performed on a TA Discovery Differential ScanningCalorimeter. Indium was used as the calibration standard. Approximately2-5 mg of sample was placed into a DSC pan. The sample was heated undernitrogen at a rate of 10° C./min, up to a final temperature of 300° C.Melting points were reported as the extrapolated onset temperatures.

TGA analyses were performed on a TA Discovery ThermogravimetricAnalyzer. Calcium oxalate was used for a performance check.Approximately 2-10 mg of accurately weighed sample was placed on a panand loaded into the TGA furnace. The sample was heated under nitrogen ata rate of 10° C./min, up to a final temperature of 300° C.

Morphology analysis of the samples was carried out on an Even Mini SEM.Small amounts of samples were dispersed on a sample holder, and thencoating with gold and viewed with 500× magnification.

Hygroscopicity was determined on a Surface Measurement Systems DVS.Typically a sample size of 5-20 mg was loaded into the DVS instrumentsample pan and the sample was analyzed on a DVS automated sorptionanalyzer at room temperature. The relative humidity was increased from0% to 90% RH at 10% RH step, then at 95% RH. The relative humidity wasthen decreased in a similar manner to accomplish a fulladsorption/desorption cycle.

¹H NMR spectra were obtained on a Bruker 300 MHz NMR spectrometer.Samples were dissolved in DMSO-d₆ and analyzed with 32 scans.

Equilibration/Slurry and Evaporation Experiments

Equilibration (also referred to as slurry experiments) and evaporationexperiments were carried out by adding an excess of Compound 1 to upto 2mL of a test solvent. The resulting mixture was agitated for at least 24h at room temperature and 50° C. separately. Upon reaching equilibrium,the saturated supernatant solution was removed, filtered using 0.45 mPTFE filters and allowed to evaporate in an open vial under nitrogen atroom temperature and 50° C., respectively. The solid resulting from theequilibration was isolated and air-dried before analysis.

Equilibration experiments were performed at room temperature and 50° C.using Form A as starting material. The results are summarized inTable 1. The solids isolated from MTBE, heptanes and water wereconfirmed to be Form A by XRPD patterns. All other solvents afforded newforms. The solids isolated from acetone, DCM, THF and THF/water weredesignated as Form B. The solid isolated from EtOH/water, EtOH, ACN,ACN/water and IPA were designated as Form C. The solids isolated fromMeOH were designated as Form D. The solids isolated from n-BuOH weredesignated as Form E. The solids isolated from toluene were designatedas Form F. The solids isolated from EtOAc were designated as Form G. Thesolids isolated from DMSO were designated as Form H. All forms besidesForm A were found to solvate during further characterization.

TABLE 1 Equilibration Experiments of Form A at Room Temperature and 50°C. Form by XRPD Solvent RT 50° C. Acetone B A + B ACN C C ACN/H₂O (1:1)C C n-BuOH E — EtOH C — EtOH/H₂O (1:1) C — MeOH D — IPA C — EtOAc G —MEK C B DCM B — MTBE A A Heptane A A Toluene F F THF B — THF/H₂O (1:1) B— H₂O A A —: not performed

Evaporation experiments were performed at room temperature and 50° C.The results are summarized in Table 2. The solvents that showed enoughsolubility for Form A afforded similar solvate forms as observed duringthe equilibration experiments.

TABLE 2 Evaporation Experiments of Form A at Room Temperature and 50° C.Form by XRPD Solvent RT 50° C. Acetone — — ACN — — ACN/H₂O (1:1) C Cn-BuOH — E EtOH C C EtOH/H₂O (1:1) C A MeOH D D IPA C C EtOAc G G MEK —— DCM — — MTBE — — Heptane — — Toluene — — THF B B THF/H₂O (1:1) B B H₂O— — —: Not analyzable

Anti-Solvent Recrystallization and Cooling Recrystallization Experiments

For cooling recrystallization, each of the selected solvents (MeOH,EtOH, EtOH/water) was saturated with Compound 1 at 60° C. The solutionwas stirred at 60° C. for 10 minutes, filtered using a 0.45 μm PTFEsyringe filter, and then cooled to room temperature naturally and thenplaced into a refrigerator. The solid resulting from therecrystallization was isolated and air-dried before analysis.

For anti-solvent recrystallization, the selected solvents (MeOH, EtOH,IPA, and EtOAc) were saturated with Compound 1 at 60° C. Once the solidwas completely dissolved, a portion of the solution was filtered into apre-heated vial and a selected anti-solvent (water, MTBE, or heptane)was added at 60° C. The mixture was cooling to room temperaturenaturally and then placed into a refrigerator. The solid resulting fromthe recrystallization was isolated and air-dried before analysis.

MeOH, EtOH, EtOH/water, IPA, and EtOAc were used as single or primarysolvents. Water, MTBE, and heptanes were used as anti-solvent. Theresults are summarized in Table 3. Only crystallizations using water asanti-solvents generated Form A. All other solvents or solventcombinations afforded similar solvate forms as observed duringequilibration experiment.

TABLE 3 Summary of Recrystallization Experiments. Primary solventAnti-Solvent Solvent ratio Form by XRPD MeOH n/a n/a D EtOH n/a n/a CEtOH/H₂O (1:1) n/a n/a C MeOH water 1:9 A MeOH MTBE 1:9 D EtOH water 1:9A EtOH MTBE 1:9 A + C EtOH heptane 1:9 C EtOH ACN 1:9 C IPA heptane 1:9A + B + C EtOAc MTBE 1:9 G EtOAc heptane 1:9 G n/a: not applicable.

Additional experiments were performed using DMSO as the primary solvent.The solids isolated were found to be a new form and designated as FormH.

Conversion Experiments

Further form conversion experiments were performed to determineinterconversion among solid forms. The results are summarized in Table4. The solvated forms were isothermally held at 150° C. for 5 min andthe resulted solids were consistent with Form A. All aqueous slurriesalso afforded Form A.

TABLE 4 Converstion Experiments of Compound 1 Starting XRPD Solid Form(s) Solvent/Condition Temperature/Condition Result Form B HeatingIsothermal hold at 150° C. Form A for 5 min Form C Heating Isothermalhold at 150° C. Form A for 5 min Form D Heating Isothermal hold at 150°C. Form A for 5 min Form E Heating Isothermal hold at 150° C. Form A for5 min Form F Heating Isothermal hold at 150° C. Form A for 5 min Form GHeating Isothermal hold at 150° C. Form A for 5 min Form H HeatingIsothermal hold at 150° C. Form A for 5 min Form B Slurry in water RT, 5days Form A Form C Slurry in water RT, 5 days Form A Form D Slurry inwater RT, 5 days Form A Form E Slurry in water RT, 5 days Form A Form FSlurry in water RT, 5 days Form A Form G Slurry in water RT, 5 days FormA Form H Slurry in water RT, 5 days Form A

Summary of Polymorphic Forms

A total of eight crystalline forms for Compound 1 were found during thispolymorph screen study. The stack plot of XRPD patterns for these formsare shown in FIG. 37, and the physical characteristics are summarized inTable 5.

TABLE 5 Summary of Physical Characterization of Compound 1 CrystallineForms. TGA Representative DSC onset or loss DVS or other FormDescription conditions peak (° C.) (wt %) comments A non- Rx fromwater-rich 223 (onset) 0.5 1.2 wt % water stoichiometric solvent systemuptake at from channel 0 to 95% RH; hydrate 1.0 wt % at 80% RH B solvateSlurry or Rx from 147 (small endo), 8.5 n/a acetone (or DCM, 223 (onset)THF) C solvate Slurry or Rx from 143 (small endo), 7.3 n/a EtOH/water(or 224 (onset) EtOH, ACN, IPA) D solvate Slurry or Rx from 171 (smallendo), ~4 n/a MeOH 223 (onset) E solvate Slurry in n-BuOH 124 (smallendo), 10.3 n/a 224 (onset) F solvate Slurry in toluene 113 (smallendo), 6.9 n/a 223 (onset) G solvate Slurry or Rx from 116 (small endo),11.9 n/a EtOAc 223 (onset) H solvate Slurry in DMSO 160 (small endo),11.2 n/a 222 (onset) I solvate Rx from sulfolane 118 (small endo), n/an/a and water (1:1). 213 (m.p.) amorphous Heat treatment Glasstransition n/a n/a temperature: 106.6 n/a: not available.

Form A

Form A is a non-stoichiometric channel hydrate crystalline solid form ofCompound 1. This form was mostly obtained from recrystallization orslurry experiments in aqueous or “water-rich” solvent systems.

Form A can also be obtained by conversion from Form H. A mixture ofcrude Form H (4 g) and water (40 mL) was heated to 70° C. for 3 hours.After cooling to room temperature, the product was collected by suctionfiltration. The wet cake was dried in a vacuum oven at 40° C. with anitrogen bleed for 16 hours to give2-(tert-butylamino)-4-((1R,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexylamino)pyrimidine-5-carboxamideas Form A and a white solid (3.54 g, 80%).

The effect of temperature (22° C.-70° C.) and water compositions in DMSO(50%-88%) on the stability of Form A and Form H of Compound 1 is mappedout in Table 6 and FIG. 45. This information indicates that Form A isthe thermodynamically stable form in the water rich water/DMSO mixture(>70%).

TABLE 6 Stable forms after slurry experiments of Form H in ratio ofwater/DMSO from 50 to 88% and temperatures from 22 °C. to 70 °C. % waterin DMSO (Stable Polymorph Form) Temperature 50% 60% 67% 70% 80% 86% 88%70°C. A 60°C. A A A A 40°C. H A/H A A 22°C. A/H H H A A A A

Form A was favored at 60° C. from 1:1 (50% water) to 1:4 DMSO:Water (80%water) and remained as Form A at 22° C. in 70-88% water in DMSO. 70%water in DMSO was at the edge of the Form conversion between Form A andForm H. Therefore, the final solvent composition was selected as 80%water in DMSO. These results indicated that for a synthesis of Compound1 employing 5× vol. of DMSO, the addition of 20× vol of water at 60° C.to the reaction mixture after reaction completion would afford Compound1 as Form A.

Form A has a crystalline XRPD pattern as shown in FIG. 1. The crystalhabit is cube-like or rod-like as shown in FIG. 2. TGA and DSCthermograms of Form A are shown in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, respectively. TheDSC thermogram showed only one major event with an onset temperature of223° C., corresponding to melt/decomposition. TGA weight loss of 0.45%was observed up to 150° C. The ¹H NMR spectrum of Form A was consistentwith Compound 1 structure (see FIG. 7).

The moisture sorption/desorption behavior of Form A was determined byDVS. The results are summarized in FIG. 6. A total mass change of 2.3%was observed between 0 and 95% RH, with a steep change of 1.3% between 0and 10% RH. After undergoing the adsorption/desorption cycles, the XRPDdiffractogram of the sample showed no change (see FIG. 8). Steep changebetween 0 and 10% RH was observed for several samples, but the amount ofwater uptake varied among samples. The total water uptake between 0 and95% RH ranged from approximately 0.5% to 2% for all Form A samplesanalyzed.

Further characterization using single-crystal X-ray diffraction wasperformed for Form A. The structure was resolved in the space groupP2(1)2(1)2(1). The crystal data and structure refinement is summarizedin Table 7. The power x-ray pattern was calculated and matched theexperimental XRPD patterns observed for Form A, as shown in FIG. 1.Fractional occupancy of water molecules was found in the crystallattice. Inclusion of roughly 20% of occupancy lowered the R factor from5.2% to 3.6%. The drawing of cell packing along b-axis as shown in FIG.2 revealed channeled water molecules in the crystal lattice. Theseobservations suggested that Form A is a channel hydrate. The theoreticalwater content is 1.1 wt % for 0.2 molar equivalents of water and 2.7 wt% for 0.5 molar equivalents of water.

TABLE 7 Crystal data and structure refinement for Form A. Empiricalformula C₁₆H₂₇N₅O₂ (w/ ca. 0.2 H₂O) Formula weight  321.43 Temperature100(2) K Wavelength 0.71073 Å Crystal system Orthorhombic Space groupP2(1)2(1)2(1) Unit cell dimensions a = 10.2905(15) Å; α = 90° b =10.7755(19) Å β = 90° c = 16.557(2) Å γ = 90° Volume 1836.0(5) Å³ Z   4Density (calculated) 1.163 g/cm³ Absorption coefficient 0.079 mm⁻¹F(000)  696 Crystal size 0.35 × 0.35 × 0.30 mm³ Theta range for datacollection 3.68 to 25.43° Index ranges −12 <= h <= 12, −12 <= k <= 12,−18 <= l <= 19 Reflections collected 7480 Independent reflections 3297[R(int) = 0.0369] Completeness to theta = 25.00° 99.5% Absorptioncorrection Multi-scan Max. and min. transmission 0.9766 and 0.9728Refinement method Full-matrix least-squares on F²Data/restraints/parameters 3297/2/221 Goodness-of-fit on F²   1.046Final R indices [I > 2sigma(I)] R1 = 0.0365, wR2 = 0.0868 R indices (alldata) R1 = 0.0433, wR2 = 0.0910 Absolute structure parameter   0.8(12)Largest diff. peak and hole 0.175 and −0.170 e Å⁻³

The stability of Form A was further characterized by compression testand form transfer experiments. Upon application of 2000-psi pressure forabout 1 minute, the material was still Form A, with slightly broaderdiffraction peaks (see FIG. 9). Results from form transfer experimentsin Table 4 showed that all solvate forms convert to Form A upondesolvation by heating or upon slurry in water. These results suggestedthat Form A is a most stable or developable form of Compound 1.

FIG. 1 provides an XRPD pattern of Form A. A list of X-Ray DiffractionPeaks for Form A is provided below in Table 8.

TABLE 8 X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form A Relative Two-theta angle (°)d Space (Å) Intensity (%) 9.74 9.0811 3.7 10.55 8.3820 56.2 11.86 7.463326.2 12.98 6.8187 6.9 13.61 6.5079 100.0 15.90 5.5750 6.4 16.41 5.40312.9 17.20 5.1550 43.0 17.85 4.9706 31.9 18.04 4.9180 42.6 18.54 4.78687.8 19.29 4.6003 5.3 19.56 4.5386 15.2 19.84 4.4744 83.5 20.19 4.39891.8 21.37 4.1572 15.1 21.83 4.0715 10.8 22.90 3.8842 29.7 23.46 3.79208.5 23.84 3.7320 3.6 24.36 3.6537 30.0 24.88 3.5782 4.6 25.29 3.5222 2.326.14 3.4093 2.7 26.92 3.3120 2.1 27.83 3.2055 6.8 28.30 3.1538 8.828.69 3.1115 1.5 29.21 3.0574 5.6 30.50 2.9314 1.2 31.63 2.8286 2.132.11 2.7878 1.5 32.63 2.7444 2.7 33.17 2.7008 0.6 34.32 2.6129 1.134.74 2.5826 3.1 36.00 2.4950 1.7 36.56 2.4582 2.7 36.95 2.4330 1.837.26 2.4131 1.5 37.61 2.3918 3.3 38.40 2.3442 1.5 39.07 2.3056 2.739.34 2.2905 1.5 39.64 2.2739 1.0

FIG. 3 is an SEM image of Form A.

The intrinsic solubility of Form A at 25° C. after 24 h was 0.038 mg/mLand 0.289 mg/mL at pH 4.5. Although Form A is a channel hydrate, it hasa relatively slow water uptake at room temperature. However, Form A maypotentially absorb up to 3% water after storage at 40° C./75% RH for 7months. The water uptake may strongly depend on the humidity of thestorage conditions and therefore, it is recommended to protect Compound1 from moisture during storage.

Form B

Form B was obtained from recrystallization or slurry experiments of FormA in acetone, CH₂Cl₂ or THF. Form B had a crystalline XRPD pattern asshown in FIG. 10. TGA and DSC thermograms of Form B obtained fromacetone are shown in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12, respectively. The TGA weightloss of 8.5 wt % corresponded to small broad DSC peak around 147° C. andcan be attributed to loss of solvent in Form B. The major DSC peak withonset temperature of 223° C. corresponded to the melt/decomposition ofForm A. The ¹H-NMR spectrum was obtained for the Form B sample andshowed approximately 0.5 molar equivalents of acetone (see FIG. 13). Thetheoretical acetone content of a hemi-solvate of Compound 1 is 8.3 wt %,matching the TGA weight loss observed. These observations suggested thatForm B is an acetone hemi-solvate of Compound 1. Form transferexperiment showed that heating Form B above the desolvation temperatureresulted in Form A. Slurry of Form B in water also resulted in Form A.

A list of X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form B is provided below in Table9.

TABLE 9 X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form B Relative Two-theta angle (°)d Space (Å) Intensity (%) 9.80 9.0251 100.0 10.30 8.5867 16.4 12.237.2379 5.6 14.62 6.0604 10.9 16.70 5.3091 2.0 17.29 5.1285 96.6 18.234.8654 25.4 18.59 4.7722 5.3 19.61 4.5268 0.6 20.19 4.3976 2.9 20.664.2992 11.4 20.94 4.2425 2.2 21.74 4.0873 96.5 23.03 3.8620 1.4 23.843.7327 1.5 24.32 3.6599 2.0 24.58 3.6223 6.0 25.88 3.4425 7.1 26.273.3924 6.9 26.86 3.3192 8.3 27.52 3.2411 2.4 28.35 3.1478 4.1 28.623.1190 1.2 29.63 3.0155 5.6 30.55 2.9265 9.9 30.87 2.8965 2.2 31.442.8459 1.7 32.12 2.7871 0.6 33.71 2.6592 1.2 33.95 2.6407 0.8 34.962.5667 1.5 35.94 2.4987 2.1 36.14 2.4855 1.3 36.56 2.4579 1.8 37.222.4156 0.6 38.76 2.3230 1.4

FIG. 13 provides a ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) of Form B with δ 0.94 (d, J=6.4 Hz,3H), 0.96-1.04 (m, 1H), 1.04-1.28 (m, 3H), 1.36 (s, 9H), 1.60-1.74 (m,1H), 1.83-1.98 (m, 1H), 2.09 (s, 3H, acetone), 2.10-2.19 (m, 1H),2.89-3.04 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.99 (m, 1H), 4.57 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (br.s., 1H), 6.94 (br. s., 1H), 7.51 (br. s., 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.93 (br.s., 1H).

Form C

Form C was obtained from recrystallization or slurry experiments of FormA in EtOH/water, EtOH, ACN or IPA. Form C had a crystalline XRPD patternas shown in FIG. 14. TGA and DSC thermograms of Form C obtained fromEtOH/water are shown in FIG. 15 and FIG. 16, respectively. The TGAweight loss of 7.3 wt % corresponded to small broad DSC peak around 143°C. and can be attributed to loss of solvent in Form C. The major DSCpeak with onset temperature of 224° C. corresponded to themelt/decomposition of Form A. The ¹H-NMR spectrum was obtained for theForm C sample and showed approximately 0.5 molar equivalents of EtOH(see FIG. 17). The theoretical EtOH content of a hemi-solvate ofCompound 1 is 6.7 wt %, matching the TGA weight loss observed. Theseobservations suggested that Form C is an ethanol hemi-solvate ofCompound 1. Form transfer experiment showed that heating Form C abovethe desolvation temperature resulted in Form A. Slurry of Form C inwater also resulted in Form A.

A list of X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form C is provided below in Table10.

TABLE 10 X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form C Relative Two-theta angle (°)d Space (Å) Intensity (%) 9.83 8.9960 77.7 10.21 8.6630 23.0 12.167.2807 13.3 14.66 6.0419 9.6 15.52 5.7080 0.8 16.50 5.3712 1.4 17.265.1376 62.2 17.61 5.0354 19.6 17.91 4.9534 8.9 18.18 4.8799 18.5 18.654.7591 12.5 19.67 4.5133 1.4 19.99 4.4414 2.9 20.46 4.3399 14.2 21.864.0664 100.0 23.32 3.8151 2.9 23.78 3.7416 3.9 24.44 3.6421 8.4 25.653.4730 9.8 25.81 3.4520 5.8 26.28 3.3914 8.4 26.72 3.3360 7.9 27.463.2481 2.6 28.04 3.1820 1.5 28.30 3.1536 2.6 28.60 3.1210 8.3 29.563.0216 5.5 30.47 2.9342 3.7 30.70 2.9127 6.8 31.29 2.8586 2.3 31.772.8170 0.8 32.16 2.7830 0.5 32.94 2.7194 0.4 33.55 2.6708 0.9 34.002.6367 1.1 34.85 2.5744 0.6 35.14 2.5541 0.5 35.57 2.5238 1.9 35.902.5013 1.9 36.62 2.4542 2.2 37.76 2.3828 0.7 38.93 2.3136 1.1

FIG. 17 provides a ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) of Form C with δ 0.94 (d, J=6.4 Hz,3H), 1.00-1.27 (m, 5.6H) {include 1.02 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1.6H, ethanol)},1.36 (s, 9H), 1.67 (dd, J=3.3, 13.1 Hz, 1H), 1.81-2.00 (m, 1H),2.10-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.87-3.05 (m, 1H), 3.32 (s, 4H), 3.44 (qd, J=5.1, 7.0Hz, 1H, ethanol), 3.74-3.99 (m, 1H), 4.35 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (d,J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 6.45-6.77 (m, 1H), 6.92 (br. s., 1H), 7.51 (br. s., 1H),8.34 (s, 1H), 8.92 (br. s., 1H).

Form D

Form D was obtained from recrystallization or slurry experiments of FormA in MeOH. Form D had a crystalline XRPD pattern as shown in FIG. 18.TGA and DSC thermograms of Form D are shown in FIG. 19 and FIG. 20,respectively. The TGA weight loss of approximately 4 wt % correspondedto small DSC peak around 170° C. and can be attributed to loss ofsolvent in Form D. The major DSC peak with onset temperature of 223° C.corresponded to the melt/decomposition of Form A. The ¹H-NMR spectrumwas obtained for the Form D sample and showed approximately 0.5 molarequivalents of MeOH (see FIG. 21). The theoretical MeOH content of ahemi-solvate of Compound 1 is 4.7 wt %, similar to the TGA weight lossobserved. These observations suggested that Form D is most likely amethanol hemi-solvate of Compound 1. Form transfer experiment showedthat heating Form D above the desolvation temperature resulted in FormA. Slurry of Form D in water also resulted in Form A.

A list of X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form D is provided below in Table11.

TABLE 11 X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form D Relative Two-theta angle (°)d Space (Å) Intensity (%) 10.37 8.5278 100.0 12.85 6.8897 6.7 13.416.6046 42.7 15.68 5.6527 6.5 16.25 5.4562 3.4 17.02 5.2108 9.8 17.545.0569 22.7 17.73 5.0013 38.0 18.34 4.8371 3.9 19.52 4.5474 65.5 19.934.4550 3.1 20.78 4.2750 9.7 21.09 4.2119 2.6 21.54 4.1252 14.1 22.473.9564 42.4 23.11 3.8492 12.0 23.55 3.7780 2.7 23.92 3.7207 37.4 24.513.6324 4.7 24.99 3.5627 1.3 25.81 3.4516 2.6 26.47 3.3669 4.0 26.883.3167 1.4 27.33 3.2634 8.3 27.83 3.2056 5.5 28.19 3.1659 1.3 28.643.1168 6.2 30.08 2.9709 0.7 30.82 2.9013 1.7 31.20 2.8667 3.2 31.602.8315 0.8 32.02 2.7952 2.2 32.50 2.7551 4.7 33.58 2.6692 1.6 34.252.6183 1.6 35.39 2.5363 0.6 35.87 2.5034 2.8 36.55 2.4588 1.5 36.812.4415 2.7 37.06 2.4261 2.1 37.77 2.3820 2.8 38.60 2.3323 1.8

FIG. 21 provides a ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) of Form D with δ 0.94 (d, J=6.4 Hz,3H), 0.96-1.04 (m, 1H), 1.05-1.28 (m, 3H), 1.36 (s, 9H), 1.67 (dd,J=3.1, 13.1 Hz, 1H), 1.84-1.97 (m, 1H), 2.08-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.86-3.04 (m,1H), 3.17 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1.6H, methanol), 3.76-3.99 (m, 1H), 4.09 (q,J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (br. s., 1H), 6.95 (br. s.,1H), 7.47 (br. s., 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.93 (br. s., 1H).

Form E

Form E was obtained from recrystallization or slurry experiments of FormA in n-BuOH. Form E had a crystalline XRPD pattern as shown in FIG. 22.TGA and DSC thermograms of Form E are shown in FIG. 23 and FIG. 24,respectively. The TGA weight loss of 10.3 wt % corresponded to smallbroad DSC peak around 124° C. and can be attributed to loss of solventin Form E. The major DSC peak with onset temperature of 224° C.corresponded to the melt/decomposition of Form A. The ¹H-NMR spectrumwas obtained for the Form E sample and showed approximately 0.5 molarequivalents of n-BuOH (see FIG. 25). The theoretical n-BuOH content of ahemi-solvate of Compound 1 is 10.3 wt %, matching the TGA weight lossobserved. These observations suggested that Form E is an n-BuOHhemi-solvate of Compound 1. Form transfer experiment showed that heatingForm E above the desolvation temperature resulted in Form A. Slurry ofForm E in water also resulted in Form A.

A list of X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form E is provided below in Table12.

TABLE 12 X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form E Relative Two-theta angle (°)d Space (Å) Intensity (%) 8.70 10.1625 3.1 9.92 8.9143 66.8 10.36 8.538019.6 11.97 7.3945 10.4 14.50 6.1092 11.3 15.51 5.7126 0.9 16.39 5.40976.2 17.29 5.1283 55.7 18.37 4.8287 40.5 19.55 4.5419 3.0 20.10 4.418015.6 21.81 4.0760 100.0 23.21 3.8330 3.2 23.45 3.7936 4.6 24.17 3.68309.0 24.61 3.6175 1.1 25.44 3.5013 6.4 25.83 3.4496 6.6 26.23 3.3982 6.126.45 3.3701 9.5 26.61 3.3495 5.8 27.64 3.2274 2.4 28.48 3.1337 8.429.19 3.0593 2.9 29.97 2.9820 5.4 30.39 2.9413 1.3 30.81 2.9025 5.031.36 2.8530 2.6 31.66 2.8265 1.1 32.62 2.7454 0.6 33.67 2.6621 2.134.75 2.5819 1.2 35.24 2.5467 1.9 35.96 2.4975 1.7 36.48 2.4630 3.437.20 2.4169 0.5 37.62 2.3911 0.3 38.93 2.3136 0.6 39.20 2.2983 0.6

FIG. 25 provides a ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) of Form E with δ 0.85 (t, J=7.2 Hz,1.5H, n-butanol), 0.94 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.96-1.04 (m, 1H), 1.04-1.25(m, 3H), 1.25-1.46 (m, 11H) {{include 1.36 (s, 9H), 1.3-1.46 (m, 2H,n-butanol)}, 1.67 (dd, J=3.2, 13.0 Hz, 1H), 1.81-2.00 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.24(m, 1H), 2.86-3.05 (m, 1H), 3.35-3.44 (m, 1H, n-butanol), 3.75-3.99 (m,1H), 4.31 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 0.5H), 4.57 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (br. s.,1H), 6.97 (br. s., 1H), 7.53 (br. s., 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.93 (br. s.,1H).

Form F

Form F was obtained from recrystallization or slurry experiments of FormA in toluene. Form F had a crystalline XRPD pattern as shown in FIG. 26.The diffuse character of the diffraction pattern suggested lowcrystalline of the sample. TGA and DSC thermograms of Form F are shownin FIG. 27 and FIG. 28, respectively. The TGA weight loss of 6.9 wt %corresponded to small broad DSC peak around 113° C. and can beattributed to loss of solvent in Form F. The major DSC peak with onsettemperature of 223° C. corresponded to the melt/decomposition of Form A.The ¹H-NMR spectrum obtained for the Form F sample showed approximately0.3 molar equivalents of toluene (see FIG. 29), matching the TGA weightloss observed. These observations suggested that Form F is a 0.3 molartoluene solvate of Compound 1. Form transfer experiment showed thatheating Form F above the desolvation temperature resulted in Form A.Slurry of Form F in water also resulted in Form A.

A list of X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form F is provided below in Table13.

TABLE 13 X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form F Relative Two-theta angle (°)d Space (Å) Intensity (%) 8.07 10.9511 52.7 9.21 9.5984 41.8 10.588.3604 19.2 10.88 8.1318 17.4 12.06 7.3409 48.5 14.56 6.0822 22.0 14.875.9564 22.1 16.28 5.4434 21.3 17.45 5.0817 58.1 17.79 4.9851 48.4 18.534.7887 98.0 19.65 4.5174 35.7 20.05 4.4277 17.4 20.85 4.2615 100.0 21.104.2108 83.7 23.72 3.7519 4.5 24.41 3.6467 19.0 25.11 3.5470 15.8 25.983.4300 16.6 26.61 3.3499 5.2 27.94 3.1938 9.7 29.25 3.0532 4.4 30.402.9405 6.1 32.00 2.7967 1.7 34.06 2.6325 2.8 35.72 2.5139 3.6 36.582.4567 3.1 37.59 2.3928 3.2

FIG. 29 provides a ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) of Form F with δ 0.94 (d, J=6.4 Hz,3H), 0.96-1.04 (m, 1H), 1.04-1.29 (m, 3H), 1.35 (s, 9H), 1.67 (dd,J=3.3, 13.1 Hz, 1H), 1.90 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 2.06-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.30 (s,0.9H, toluene), 2.89-3.04 (m, 1H), 3.71-4.00 (m, 1H), 4.57 (d, J=5.7 Hz,1H), 6.64 (br. s., 1H), 6.94 (br. s., 1H), 7.08-7.30 (m, 1.4H, toluene),7.50 (br. s., 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.93 (br. s., 1H).

Form G

Form G was obtained from recrystallization or slurry experiments of FormA in EtOAc. Form G had a crystalline XRPD pattern as shown in FIG. 30.TGA and DSC thermograms of Form G are shown in FIG. 31 and FIG. 32,respectively. The TGA weight loss of 11.9 wt % corresponded to smallbroad DSC peak around 116° C. and can be attributed to loss of solventin Form G. The major DSC peak with onset temperature of 223° C.corresponded to the melt/decomposition of Form A. The ¹H-NMR spectrumobtained for the Form G sample showed approximately 0.5 molarequivalents of EtOAc (see FIG. 33). The theoretical EtOAc content of ahemi-solvate of Compound 1 is 12.1 wt %, matching the TGA weight lossobserved. These observations suggested that Form G is an EtOAchemi-solvate of Compound 1. Form transfer experiment showed that heatingForm G above the desolvation temperature resulted in Form A. Slurry ofForm G in water also resulted in Form A.

A list of X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form G is provided below in Table14.

TABLE 14 X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form G Relative Two-theta angle (°)d Space (Å) Intensity (%) 8.63 10.2508 0.7 9.51 9.3026 100.0 10.348.5585 15.1 12.14 7.2888 0.5 14.43 6.1377 2.3 16.44 5.3907 1.3 16.945.2347 10.9 17.33 5.1185 5.0 17.90 4.9555 17.9 18.58 4.7768 4.2 19.104.6467 0.9 20.09 4.4211 0.4 20.41 4.3507 2.1 20.80 4.2704 0.4 21.284.1747 34.8 22.66 3.9240 0.4 23.62 3.7671 0.3 24.33 3.6584 2.8 25.553.4842 1.6 25.65 3.4726 1.9 26.42 3.3739 1.1 26.89 3.3128 0.3 27.003.3030 0.4 27.78 3.2114 0.9 28.83 3.0969 9.1 29.86 2.9925 1.5 31.222.8651 6.8 31.77 2.8164 0.1 32.67 2.7410 0.2 33.90 2.6443 0.7 34.282.6156 0.2 35.04 2.5606 0.5 35.44 2.5326 0.2 36.24 2.4789 0.5 36.572.4574 0.5 37.59 2.3926 0.4 38.00 2.3681 0.3 38.76 2.3231 0.4

FIG. 33 provides a ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) of Form G with δ 0.94 (d, J=6.4 Hz,3H), 0.96-1.04 (m, 1H), 1.04-1.29 (m, 5H) {include 1.17 (t, J=9.0 Hz,EtOAc)}, 1.29-1.46 (m, 9H), 1.60-1.76 (m, 1H), 1.86-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.99(s, 1.4H, EtOAc), 2.04-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.88-3.06 (m, 1H), 3.75-3.97 (m,1H), 4.03 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 1H, EtOAc), 4.57 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 1H), 6.65 (br.s., 1H), 6.94 (br. s., 1H), 7.52 (br. s., 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.93 (br.s., 1H).

Form H

Form H was obtained from recrystallization or slurry of Form A in DMSO.Form H had a crystalline XRPD pattern as shown in FIG. 34. TGA and DSCthermograms of Form H are shown in FIG. 35 and FIG. 36, respectively.The TGA thermogram showed a step weight loss of 11.2 wt % correspondedto small broad DSC peak around 160° C. and can be attributed to loss ofsolvent in Form H. The major DSC peak with onset temperature of 222° C.corresponded to the melt/decomposition of Form A. The theoretical DMSOcontent of a hemi-solvate of Compound 1 is 10.8 wt %, matching the TGAweight loss observed. These observations suggested that Form H is a DMSOhemi-solvate of Compound 1. Form transfer experiment showed that heatingForm H above the desolvation temperature resulted in Form A. Slurry ofForm H in water also resulted in Form A.

A list of X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form H is provided below in Table15.

TABLE 15 X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form H Relative Two-theta angle (°)d Space (Å) Intensity (%) 8.69 10.1702 5.5 9.74 9.0820 55.8 10.23 8.643216.7 12.17 7.2715 2.4 14.64 6.0510 15.1 15.38 5.7625 0.7 16.33 5.42963.7 17.22 5.1496 52.2 18.04 4.9185 22.8 18.55 4.7842 12.7 20.10 4.41703.0 20.62 4.3067 5.6 21.76 4.0836 100.0 23.10 3.8498 3.2 24.18 3.68078.3 25.65 3.4732 5.5 26.18 3.4044 3.9 26.78 3.3286 3.5 27.27 3.2703 1.127.83 3.2057 0.6 28.43 3.1396 7.2 29.50 3.0279 6.6 30.00 2.9782 0.630.54 2.9272 6.6 31.03 2.8821 2.5 32.07 2.7910 0.5 32.65 2.7425 0.433.41 2.6817 1.0 33.74 2.6569 1.4 34.86 2.5738 1.0 35.25 2.5460 2.035.77 2.5106 1.6 36.22 2.4803 2.0 36.62 2.4537 2.3 37.08 2.4243 0.737.59 2.3929 0.8 38.78 2.3220 2.3

A ¹H NMR (MeOD) of Form H provides 6 as 1.03 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H),1.05-1.19 (m, 1H), 1.19-1.38 (m, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.78 (dq, J=3.3,13.2 Hz, 1H), 1.90-2.16 (m, 1H), 2.16-2.40 (m, 1H), 2.65 (s, 3H, DMSO),2.95-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.85-4.21 (m, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H).

Form I

Form I was obtained from recrystallization of Form A in sulfolane andwater (1:1). Form I had a crystalline XRPD pattern as shown in FIG. 38.DSC thermograms of Form I are shown in FIG. 39. A DSC peak around 118°C. can be attributed to loss of solvent in Form I. The major DSC peakwith maximum temperature of 213° C. corresponded to themelt/decomposition of Form A. ¹H-NMR spectrum of Form I showsapproximately 0.75 molar equivalents of sulfolane (see FIG. 40). Theseobservations suggested that Form H is a 0.75 molar sulfolane solvate ofCompound 1.

A list of X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form I is provided below in Table16.

TABLE 16 X-Ray Diffraction Peaks for Form I Relative Two-theta angle (°)d Space (Å) Intensity (%) 7.94 11.1290 72.2 10.50 8.4267 21.5 10.808.1909 16.7 11.86 7.4599 25.3 13.54 6.5394 11.7 13.92 6.3612 3.2 14.795.9901 2.1 16.00 5.5389 76.2 17.26 5.1378 45.0 18.27 4.8557 100.0 18.824.7163 4.9 19.48 4.5569 4.3 19.78 4.4881 9.1 20.65 4.3022 62.9 21.314.1699 4.4 21.78 4.0812 1.2 22.83 3.8959 5.0 23.53 3.7808 3.3 24.123.6899 29.4 24.75 3.5973 7.6 25.66 3.4715 4.7 26.29 3.3903 6.0 27.713.2189 17.4 28.18 3.1666 0.9 28.73 3.1072 0.7 29.17 3.0616 1.2 30.012.9778 1.5 30.52 2.9288 1.0 31.18 2.8687 0.7 31.60 2.8311 0.4 31.852.8099 2.1 32.36 2.7664 6.5 32.93 2.7203 0.7 33.59 2.6678 2.7 34.202.6219 0.9 34.76 2.5812 0.4 35.42 2.5341 0.6 36.56 2.4577 0.5 37.672.3880 1.1

FIG. 40 provides a ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) of Form I with δ 0.94 (d, J=6.2 Hz,3H), 0.96-1.04 (m, 1H), 1.11 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 9H), 1.59-1.74 (m, 1H),1.83-1.98 (m, 1H), 2.00-2.20 (m, 4H), 2.80-3.18 (m, 4H), 3.74-4.02 (m,1H), 4.57 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (br. s., 1H), 7.02 (br. s., 1H), 7.60(br. s., 1H), 8.34 (s, 1H), 8.82-9.06 (m, 1H).

Amorphous Solid

An amorphous solid of Compound 1 was obtained from heat treatment ofForm A. The heat treatment process comprises: (1) equilibrating thetemperature of Form A at 25° C.; (2) heating to 235° C. at the speed of10° C. per minute; (3) holding isothermally for 2 minutes; (4) coolingdown to −10° C. at the speed of 30° C. per minute; (5) modulating 0.64°C. every 40 seconds; (6) holding isothermally for 5 minutes; (7) heatingto 213° C. at the speed of 3° C. per minute; and (8) collecting theresulted solid.

The amorphous solid had an XRPD spectrum as shown in FIG. 41. DSCthermogram of the amorphous solid sample are shown in FIG. 42. Theamorphous solid has aglass transition temperature of approximately106.6° C.

FIG. 43 and FIG. 44 provide ¹H-NMR spectrum and LCMS of the amorphoussolid.

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES Biochemical Assays

A. Time Resolved Fluorescence Assays

JNK1 Assay.

A 384-well time resolved fluorescence assay can be used to monitor JNK1activity. The JNK1 assay can be run in the following assay buffer: 50 mMHEPES, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mM DTT, and 0.01% Tween 20. To initiatethe reaction 100 nM of ULight™-labeled 4EBP1 peptide (Perkin-Elmer) and5 μM of ATP can be mixed with 500 μM of JNK1 (Carna Biosciences), for atotal assay volume of 20 μL in each well. The assay can be incubated atroom temperature for 1 h and terminated using a mixture of 30 mM EDTAand 4 nM Eu-anti-4EBP1, by adding 20 μL of stop solution to each well.Plates can be read on a Perkin-Elmer Envision Reader.

JNK2 Assay.

A 384-well time resolved fluorescence assay can be used to monitor JNK2activity. The JNK2 assay can be run in the following assay buffer: 50 mMHEPES, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mM DTT, and 0.01% Tween 20. To initiatethe reaction 100 nM of ULight™-labeled 4EBP1 peptide (Perkin-Elmer) and5 μM of ATP can be mixed with 500 μM of JNK2 (Carna Biosciences), for atotal assay volume of 20 μL in each well. The assay can be incubated atroom temperature for 1 h and terminated using a mixture of 30 mM EDTAand 4 nM Eu-anti-4EBP1, by adding 20 μL of stop solution to each well.Plates can be read on a Perkin-Elmer Envision Reader.

B. Z′-LYTE® Cascade Assays

JNK1 Assay.

The JNK1 Z′-LYTE® Cascade kinase assay can be run in the followingbuffer: 50 mM HEPES at pH 7.5, 0.01% BRIJ-35, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA,and 1 mM DTT. A 10 μL kinase reaction mixture can be prepared containing1.81-7.25 ng JNK1, 25 ng inactive MAPKAPK2, 100 μM ATP, and 2 μM Ser/Thr04 peptide. The assay can be incubated at room temperature for 1 h.Next, 5 μL of a 1:512 dilution of Development Reagent A (Invitrogen,PV3295) can be added to the reaction mixture and incubated at roomtemperature for an additional h. The data can then be read on afluorescence plate reader and analyzed.

Jnk2 Assay.

The JNK2 Z′-LYTE® Cascade kinase assay can be run in the followingbuffer: 50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 0.01% BRIJ-35, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM EGTA, 2 mMDTT. A 10 μL kinase reaction mixture can be prepared containing 0.38-1.5ng JNK2, 100 ng inactive MAPKAPK2, 100 μM ATP, and 2 μM Ser/Thr 04peptide. The assay can be incubated at room temperature for 1 h. Next, 5μL of a 1:512 dilution of Development Reagent A (Invitrogen, PV3295) canbe added to the reaction mixture and incubated at room temperature foran additional h. The data can then be read on a fluorescence platereader and analyzed.

C. Radioactive Assays

Jnk1 Assay.

The radioactive JNK kinase assay can be carried out in a 96-well plateformat at a final volume of 100 μL. The final assay concentration can be6.6 μM ATP (3-fold ATP Km), 2.64 to 5 μg/mL JNK1, and 100 μg/mL cJUN.JNK1 can be diluted in the following dilution buffer (20 mM HEPES pH7.6, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.004% (w/v) Triton X100, 2 μg/mlLeupeptin, 20 mM B-glycerol phosphate, 0.1 mM Na₃VO₄ dithiothreitol) andthen pre-mixed with cJun diluted in the substrate solution buffer (20 mMHEPES pH 7.6, 50 mM NaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.05% (w/v) TritonX100). The JNK1/cJun mix (85 μl) can be added to the inhibitor (5 μl)diluted in 100% DMSO to give a final DMSO assay concentration of 5%(v/v). The enzyme, substrate and inhibitor mixture can be allowed toequilibrate at room temperature for 15 minutes. The reaction can bestarted by the addition of 10 μL of 10×ATP in kinase buffer (130 mMMgCl₂, 6 mM dithiothreitol, 150 mM para-nitrophenyl phosphate, 100μCi/ml γ-[³³P]-ATP). Reactions can be allowed to proceed for 60 minutesbefore precipitation of protein via trichloroacetic acid (7.2% TCAfinal). After a 30 minute incubation with TCA, reaction products can becollected onto glass microfilter 96-well plates (Millipore MAHF CIH60)using a Packard Filtermate. The precipitate can be washed with PhosphateBuffered Saline and the amount of phosphate incorporated into cJun canbe quantified by scintillation counting using a Packard Topcount-NXT.All assays can be conducted under conditions where phosphateincorporation can be linear with respect to time and enzymeconcentration. The IC₅₀ values can be calculated as the concentration ofthe inhibitor at which the c-Jun phosphorylation can be reduced to 50%of the control value.

Jnk2 Assay.

The assay can be carried out in a 96-well plate format at a final volumeof 100 μL. The final assay concentrations can be 6.6 μM ATP (3-fold ATPKm), 0.2 to 0.53 μg/mL JNK2, and 100 μg/mL cJUN. JNK2 can be diluted inthe following dilution buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.6, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2.5 mMMgCl₂, 0.004% (w/v) Triton X100, 2 μg/ml Leupeptin, 20 mM B-glycerolphosphate, 0.1 mM Na₃VO₄ dithiothreitol) and then pre-mixed with cJundiluted in the substrate solution buffer (20 mM HEPES pH 7.6, 50 mMNaCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 2.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.05% (w/v) Triton X100). The JNK2/cJunmix (85 μl) can be added to the inhibitor (5 μl) diluted in 100% DMSO togive a final DMSO assay concentration of 5% (v/v). The enzyme, substrateand inhibitor mixture can be allowed to equilibrate at room temperaturefor 15 minutes. The reaction can be started by the addition of 10 μL of10×ATP in kinase buffer (130 mM MgCl₂, 6 mM dithiothreitol, 150 mMpara-nitrophenyl phosphate, 100 μCi/ml γ-[³³P]-ATP). Reactions can beallowed to proceed for 60 minutes before precipitation of protein viatrichloroacetic acid (7.2% TCA final). After a 30 minute incubation withTCA, reaction products are collected onto glass microfilter 96-wellplates (Millipore MAHF CIH60) using a Packard Filtermate. Theprecipitate can be washed with Phosphate Buffered Saline and the amountof phosphate incorporated into cJun can be quantified by scintillationcounting using a Packard Topcount-NXT. All assays can be conducted underconditions where phosphate incorporation can be linear with respect totime and enzyme concentration. The IC₅₀ values can be calculated as theconcentration of the inhibitor at which the c-Jun phosphorylation can bereduced to 50% of the control value.

Cell Assays

RAW264.7 Phospho-cJun Whole Cell Assay.

RAW264.7 cells can be purchased from the American Tissue CultureCollection and maintained in growth media consisting of 90% high glucoseDulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (Invitrogen), 10% fetal bovine serum(Hyclone), and 2 mM L-glutamine (Invitrogen). All cells can be culturedat 37° C. in 95% air and 5% CO₂. Cells can be plated at a density of1.0×10⁵ cells per well in a 96-well plate in 120 μL of growth media.Diaminopyrimidine Compound stock (30 mM) can be diluted serially inDMSO, further diluted in growth media, and can be added to each well asa 10× concentrated solution in a volume of 15 μL, mixed, and allowed toincubate with cells. The compound vehicle (DMSO) can be maintained at afinal concentration of 0.2% in all wells. After 30 minutes, the cellscan be activated with lipopolysaccharide (ALEXIS Biochemicals) at afinal concentration of 25 ng/mL. Lipopolysaccharide can be added as a10× concentrated solution in growth media and added in a volume of 15 μLper well. Cell plates can be cultured for 1 h, after which the cellmedia can be removed. The level of c-Jun protein which can bephosphorylated at serine 63 can be measured according to themanufacturer's instructions for the Whole Cell Lysate Kit-Phospho-c-Jun(Ser 63) Assay (Meso Scale Discovery) with the exception that theconcentration of NaCl in the lysis buffer can be increased to a finalconcentration of 350 mM. The IC₅₀ values can be calculated as theconcentration of Diaminopyrimidine Compound at which the level ofphosphorylated c-Jun protein can be reduced to 50% of the signal window.Certain compounds of Table 1, 2 and 3 have an IC₅₀ value ranging from0.01-30 μM in this assay.

Jurkat T-cell IL-2 Production Assay.

Jurkat T cells (clone E6-1) can be purchased from the American TissueCulture Collection and maintained in growth media consisting of RPMI1640 medium containing 2 mM L-glutamine (Mediatech), with 10% fetalbovine serum (Hyclone) and penicillin/streptomycin. All cells can becultured at 37° C. in 95% air and 5% CO₂. Cells can be plated at adensity of 1×10⁵ cells per well in 120 μL of media in a 96-well plate.Diaminopyrimidine Compound stock (20 mM) can be diluted in growth mediaand added to each well as a 10× concentrated solution in a volume of 15μL, mixed, and allowed to pre-incubate with cells for 30 min. Thecompound vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide) can be maintained at a finalconcentration of 0.2% in all samples. After 30 min the cells can beactivated with PMA (phorbol myristate acetate; final concentration 50ng/mL) and PHA (phytohemagglutinin; final concentration 1 μg/mL). PMAand PHA can be added as a 10× concentrated solution made up in growthmedia and added in a volume of 15 μL per well. Cell plates can becultured for 6 h. Cells can be pelleted by centrifugation and the mediaremoved and stored at −20° C. Media aliquots can be analyzed accordingthe manufacturers instructions for the Human IL-2 Tissue Culture Kit(Meso Scale Discovery). The IC₅₀ values can be calculated as theconcentration of the Diaminopyrimidine Compound at which the IL-2production can be reduced to 50% of the signal window. Certain compoundsfrom Table 1, 2 and 3 have an IC₂₀ value ranging from 0.01-10 μM in thisassay.

Clinical Protocol

A Phase 1, Randomized, Two-Part Study to Evaluate the Safety,Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Single and Multiple AscendingDoses of Compound 1 in Healthy Subjects.

The primary objective is to evaluate the safety and tolerability ofsingle and multiple oral doses of Compound 1 in health subjects.

The secondary objectives are to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) ofCompound 1 following single and multiple oral doses.

Study Design.

This is a two-part study to be conducted at up to two study centers.

Part 1 is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study toevaluate the safety, tolerability, and PK of Compound 1 following asingle oral dose in healthy subjects. Investigators and studyparticipants will be blinded to treatment throughout the study, whilethe Sponsor will remain unblinded. The chosen study design is anescalating dose in sequential groups.

In Part 1, approximately 56 subjects will be randomized and enrolledinto seven planned cohorts. Each cohort will consist of eight subjects;six subjects will receive Compound 1 and two subjects will receiveplacebo.

During the course of Part 1, each subject will participate in ascreening phase, a baseline phase, a treatment phase, and a follow-upvisit. Subjects will be screened for eligibility. Subjects who have metall inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria at screeningwill return to the clinical site on Day-1 for baseline assessments, andwill be domiciled at the clinical site from Day-1 to Day 4. Subjectswill receive a single oral dose of investigational product (IP; eitherCompound 1 or placebo) on Day 1, under fasted conditions, according tothe randomization schedule. Blood and urine samples will be collected atpre-specified times for PK and/or clinical laboratory assessments and/orexploratory analyses. Safety will be monitored throughout the study.Subjects will be discharged from the clinical site on Day 4 followingcompletion of the required study procedures and will return to theclinical site for a follow-up visit on Day 7 (±1-day window). In theevent that a subject discontinues from the study, an early termination(ET) visit will be performed.

After each cohort, safety data will be reviewed and PK data will bereviewed as needed. The parameters to be reviewed prior to each doseescalation along with specific dose escalation.

Part 2 is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study toevaluate the safety, tolerability, and PK of Compound 1 followingmultiple oral doses (up to 14 days of dosing) in healthy subjects.Investigators and study participants will be blinded to treatmentthroughout the study, while the Sponsor will remain unblinded. Thechosen study design is an escalating dose in sequential groups.

Part 2 will not begin until total daily doses up to and including 240 mghave been evaluated in Part 1. Only doses that are safe and welltolerated in Part 1 will be administered in Part 2.

In Part 2, approximately 48 subjects will be randomized and enrolledinto six planned cohorts. Each cohort will consist of eight subjects;six subjects will receive Compound 1 and two subjects will receiveplacebo.

During the course of Part 2, each subject will participate in ascreening phase, a baseline phase, a treatment phase, and a follow-upvisit. Subjects will be screened for eligibility. Subjects who have metall inclusion criteria and none of the exclusion criteria at screeningwill return to the clinical site on Day 1 for baseline assessments, andwill be domiciled at the clinical site from Day 1 to Day 17. The firstdose of IP (either Compound 1 or placebo) will be administered on Day 1,under fasted conditions, according to the randomization schedule. Thesame total daily dose will be administered under fasted conditions onDays 2 to 14. Blood samples will be collected at pre-specified times forPK, clinical laboratory assessments, and/or exploratory biomarkers.Urine samples will be collected at pre-specified times for clinicallaboratory assessments. Safety will be monitored throughout the study.Subjects will be discharged from the clinical site on Day 17 followingcompletion of the required study procedures and will return to theclinical site for a follow-up visit on Day 21 (±1-day window). In theevent that a subject discontinues from the study, an ET visit will beperformed.

After each cohort, safety data will be reviewed and PK data will bereviewed as needed. The parameters will be reviewed prior to each doseescalation along with specific dose escalation.

Study Population:

Approximately 104 healthy adult subjects (males or females ofnon-childbearing potential) from any race between 18 and 50 years ofage, inclusive, will be enrolled into the study, with approximately 56subjects participating in Part 1 and approximately 48 subjectsparticipating in Part 2.

Length of Study:

The estimated duration of the study, inclusive of Parts 1 and 2, fromfirst-subject-first-visit to last-subject-last-visit, is approximately 8months.

The estimated duration of the clinical phase of Part 1, fromfirst-subject-first-visit to last-subject-last-visit, is approximately 4months. The estimated duration of each subject's participation in Part1, from screening through follow-up, is approximately 4 weeks.

Part 2 will not begin until total daily doses up to and including 240 mghave been evaluated in Part 1. Only doses that are safe and welltolerated in Part 1 will be administered in Part 2. The estimatedduration of the clinical phase of Part 2, from first-subject-first-visitto last-subject-last-visit, is approximately 6 months. The estimatedduration of each subject's participation in Part 2, from screeningthrough follow-up, is approximately 6 weeks.

The End of Trial is defined as either the date of the last visit of thelast subject to complete the study, or the date of receipt of the lastdata point from the last subject that is required for primary, secondaryand/or exploratory analysis, as pre-specified in the protocol and/or theStatistical Analysis Plan, whichever is the later date.

Study Treatments.

Part 1:

Approximately 56 subjects will be randomized and enrolled into sevenplanned cohorts, with eight subjects per cohort. In each cohort, sixsubjects will receive Compound 1 and two subjects will receive placebo.

Doses in Part 1 will be administered as active pharmaceutical ingredient(API) in capsules (or matching placebo) once daily (QD).

The following Compound 1 dose levels in Table 17 are planned for Part 1.

TABLE 17 Compound 1 Dose Levels in Part 1 Cohort Compound 1 Dose Level(Total Daily Dose) 1A  10 mg 1B  30 mg 1C  60 mg 1D 120 mg 1E 240 mg 1F480 mg 1G 720 mg

If gastrointestinal (GI)-related events such as intolerable nausea orvomiting occur, total daily doses may be lowered or may be administeredBID or three times daily (TID).

Investigational product will be administered at only one dose level at atime, and administration at the next dose level will not begin until thesafety and tolerability of the preceding dose level have been evaluatedand deemed acceptable by the Investigator and Sponsor's Medical Monitor.

Part 2:

Part 2 will not begin until total daily doses up to and including 240 mghave been evaluated in Part 1. Only doses that are safe and welltolerated in Part 1 will be administered in Part 2.

Approximately 48 subjects will be randomized and enrolled into sixplanned cohorts, with eight subjects per cohort. In each cohort, sixsubjects will receive Compound 1 and two subjects will receive placebo.

The planned dosing regimen in Part 2 is Compound 1 in capsules (ormatching placebo) QD for 14 days. The following Compound 1 dose levelsin Table 18 are proposed for Part 2.

TABLE 18 Compound 1 Dose Levels in Part 2 Cohort Compound 1 Dose Level(Total Daily Dose) Duration 2A  10 mg Daily × 14 days 2B  30 mg Daily ×14 days 2C  60 mg Daily × 14 days 2D 120 mg Daily × 14 days 2E 240 mgDaily × 14 days 2F 480 mg Daily × 14 days

Proposed dose levels in Part 2 may be modified and/or eliminated basedon data obtained from Part 1. Should a change to the proposed doseescalation step(s) be required, the maximum dose escalation step in Part2 will be $<3-fold the previous dose level. In addition, the maximumdose administered in Part 2 will not exceed the maximum tolerated dose(MTD) in Part 1 and will not exceed 480 mg daily for 14 days.

If GI-related events such as intolerable nausea or vomiting occur, totaldaily doses may be lowered or may be administered BID or TID.

Investigational product will be administered at only one dose level at atime, and administration at the next dose level will not begin until thesafety and tolerability of the preceding dose level have been evaluatedand deemed acceptable by the Investigator and Sponsor's Medical Monitor.In addition, if a certain dose level is not tolerated in Part 1 thenthat dose level or any higher dose level will not be administered inPart 2 except for the instance of a GI intolerability (e.g., nausea,vomiting) that is mitigated via an alternative dose regimen (i.e., BIDor TID).

Overview of Safety Assessments.

Safety will be monitored throughout the study. Safety evaluations willinclude AE reporting, PEs, vital signs, 12-lead ECGs, clinicallaboratory safety tests (including liver function tests [LFTs], totalcholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein [HDL], andlow-density lipoprotein [LDL] in addition to standard clinicalchemistry, hematology, and urinalysis tests), review of concomitantmedications/procedures, FOB tests and stool monitoring, and pregnancytests for female subjects. All AEs will be monitored and recordedthroughout the study from the time the informed consent form (ICF) issigned until study completion, and when made known to the Investigatorwithin 28 days after the last dose of IP (and those SAEs made known tothe Investigator at any time thereafter that are suspected of beingrelated to IP). All concomitant medications and procedures will bereviewed and recorded from the time the subject signs the ICF untilstudy completion. A follow-up visit will be scheduled for all subjects.If a subject is discontinued from the study for any reason, an ET visitwill be performed.

Overview of Pharmacokinetic Assessments.

In both parts of the study, blood samples will be collected atpre-specified times to determine levels of Compound 1 in plasma. ForCohorts 1C to 1G of Part 1 (planned dose levels of 60 mg to 720 mg),urine samples will be collected at pre-specified times for exploratorymetabolite analyses. Prominent metabolites in plasma and urine will beidentified and Compound 1 in urine may be quantified as part of theexploratory analyses.

The following PK parameters will be estimated for Compound 1, asappropriate: maximum observed plasma concentration (C_(max)); time toCmax (T_(max)); area under the plasma concentration-time curve from timezero extrapolated to infinity (AUC_(∞)); area under the plasmaconcentration-time curve from time zero to the last quantifiableconcentration (AUC_(t)); area under the plasma concentration-time curvefrom time zero to tau (τ), where τ is the dosing interval (AUC_(τ));terminal-phase elimination half-life (t_(1/2,z)); apparent total plasmaclearance when dosed orally (CL/F); apparent total volume ofdistribution when dosed orally, based on the terminal phase (V_(z)/F);ratio of accumulation (RA) based on Day 1 and Day 14 AUC_(τ).

Compound 1 concentrations in urine samples collected in Part 1 may befurther quantified using a validated method if exploratory analysesindicate that Compound 1 is abundant in urine. The following PKparameters related to urine analyses may then be determined, asappropriate: cumulative amount of drug excreted unchanged in urineduring the collection period from predose (0-hour) to the end ofcollection (Ae); cumulative percentage of the administered dose excretedunchanged in urine during the collection period from predose (0-hour) tothe end of collection (fe); renal clearance (CL_(r)).

A number of references have been cited, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of purifying a compound of formula (iv),

the method comprising 1) dissolving the compound of formula (iv) in afirst solvent at a first temperature; 2) adding a second solvent intothe resulting solution; 3) cooling the solution to a second temperature;and 4) collecting a solid, wherein R¹ is substituted or unsubstitutedC₁₋₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl; and R² issubstituted or unsubstituted C₁₋₈ alkyl, or substituted or unsubstitutedcycloalkyl.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein R² is


3. The method of claim 1, wherein R¹ is


4. The method of claim 1, wherein the first solvent is ethanol or amixture of 2-propanol and water.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein thefirst temperature is about 60° C. or about 70° C.
 6. The method of claim1, wherein the second solvent is water.
 7. The method of claim 1,wherein the second temperature is about 0° C. or about 25° C.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the first solvent is a mixture of 2-propanoland water.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the volume ratio between2-propanol and water in the mixture is about 3:1.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the first temperature is about 70° C.
 11. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the second temperature is about 0° C.